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Results for “Cell Biology”

Search indexed bioRxiv preprints in genomics, neuroscience, cell biology and bioinformatics. Read source abstracts and check manuscript versions; preprints are not peer reviewed.

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At least 1,729 records · Page 96Linked to original sources
bioRxiv2018

Loss of mitochondrial proline catabolism depletes FAD, impairing sperm function, and male reproductive advantage

Exposure to environmental stress is clinically established to influence male reproductive health, but the impact of normal cellular metabolism on sperm quality is less well-defined. Here we show that impaired mitochondrial proline catabolism, reduces energy-storing flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) levels, alters mitochondrial dynamics toward fusion, and leads to age-related loss of sperm quality (size and activity), which reduces competitive fitness. Loss of the 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase enzyme alh-6 that catalyzes the second step in mitochondrial proline catabolism, leads to premature male reproductive senescence. Reducing the expression of the proline catabolism enzyme alh-6 or FAD biosynthesis pathway genes in the germline is sufficient to recapitulate the sperm-related phenotypes observed in alh-6 loss-of-function mutants. These sperm-specific defects are suppressed by feeding diets that restore FAD levels. Our results define a cell autonomous role for mitochondrial proline catabolism and FAD homeostasis on sperm function and specify strategies to pharmacologically reverse these defects.

cell biology↗
bioRxiv2018

The proteasome biogenesis regulator Rpn4 cooperates with the unfolded protein response to promote resistance to endoplasmic reticulum stress

Misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) activate the unfolded protein response (UPR), which enhances protein folding to restore homeostasis. Additional pathways respond to ER stress, but how they help counteract protein misfolding is incompletely understood. Here, we develop a titratable system for the induction of ER stress in yeast to enable a genetic screen for factors that augment stress resistance independently of the UPR. We identify the proteasome biogenesis regulator Rpn4 and show that it cooperates with the UPR. Rpn4 abundance increases during ER stress, first by a post-transcriptional, then by a transcriptional mechanism. Induction of RPN4 transcription is triggered by cytosolic mislocalization of secretory proteins, is mediated by multiple signaling pathways and accelerates clearance of misfolded proteins from the cytosol. Thus, Rpn4 and the UPR are complementary elements of a modular cross-compartment response to ER stress.

cell biology↗
bioRxiv2018

Cell-extrinsic mechanical forces restore neutrophil polarization in the absence of branched actin assembly

Migratory cells use distinct motility modes to navigate different microenvironments, but it is unclear whether these modes rely on the same core set of polarity components. To investigate this, we disrupted Arp2/3 and WAVE complex, which assemble branched actin networks that are essential for neutrophil polarity and motility in standard adherent conditions. Surprisingly, confinement rescues polarity and movement of neutrophils lacking these components, revealing a processive bleb-based protrusion program that is mechanistically distinct from the branched actin-based protrusion program but shares some of the same core components and underlying molecular logic. We further find that the restriction of protrusion growth to one site does not always respond to membrane tension directly, as previously thought, but may rely on closely linked properties such as local membrane curvature. Our work reveals a hidden circuit for neutrophil polarity and indicates that cells have distinct molecular mechanisms for polarization that dominate in different microenvironments.

cell biology↗
bioRxiv2018

Quantitative single-cell splicing analysis reveals an ‘economy of scale’ filter for gene expression

In eukaryotic cells, splicing affects the fate of each pre-mRNA transcript, helping to determine whether it is ultimately processed into an mRNA, or degraded. The efficiency of splicing plays a key role in gene expression. However, because it depends on the levels of multiple isoforms at the same transcriptional active site (TAS) in the same cell, splicing efficiency has been challenging to measure. Here, we introduce a quantitative single-molecule FISH-based method that enables determination of the absolute abundances of distinct RNA isoforms at individual TASs. Using this method, we discovered that splicing efficiency behaves in an unexpected economy of scale manner, increasing, rather than decreasing, with gene expression levels, opposite to a standard enzymatic process. This behavior could result from an observed correlation between splicing efficiency and spatial proximity to nuclear speckles. Economy of scale splicing represents a non-linear filter that amplifies the expression of genes when they are more strongly transcribed. This method will help to reveal the roles of splicing in the quantitative control of gene expression.

cell biology↗
bioRxiv2018

An ER-resident calcium binding protein modulates egress of malaria parasites from erythrocytes

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is thought to play an essential role during egress of malaria parasites because the ER is assumed to be the calcium (Ca2+) signaling hub and required for biogenesis of egress-related organelles. However, no proteins localized to the parasite ER have been shown to play a role in egress of malaria parasites. In this study, we generated conditional mutants of the Plasmodium falciparum Endoplasmic Reticulum-resident Calcium-binding protein (PfERC), a member of the CREC family. Knockdown of PfERC shows that this gene is essential for asexual growth of P. falciparum. Analysis of the intraerythrocytic lifecycle revealed that PfERC is essential for parasite egress but not required for protein trafficking or Ca2+ storage. We found that PfERC knockdown prevents the rupture of the parasitophorous vacuole membrane. This is because PfERC knockdown inhibited the proteolytic maturation of the subtilisin-like serine protease, SUB1. Using double mutant parasites, we show that PfERC is required for the proteolytic maturation of the essential aspartic protease, Plasmepsin X, which cleaves SUB1. Further, we show that processing of substrates downstream of the proteolytic cascade is inhibited by PfERC knockdown. Thus, these data establish the ER-resident CREC family protein, PfERC, as a key early regulator of the egress proteolytic cascade of malaria parasites.

cell biology↗
bioRxiv2018

N6-methyladenosine mRNA marking promotes selective translation of regulons required for human erythropoiesis

Many of the regulatory features governing erythrocyte specification, maturation, and associated disorders remain enigmatic. To identify new regulators of erythropoiesis, we performed a functional genomic screen for genes affecting expression of the erythroid marker CD235a/GYPA. Among validating hits were genes coding for the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) mRNA methyltransferase (MTase) complex, including, METTL14, METTL3, and WTAP. We found that m6A MTase activity promotes erythroid gene expression programs and lineage specification through selective translation of >200 m6A marked mRNAs, including those coding for SETD methyltransferase, ribosome, and polyA RNA binding proteins. Remarkably, loss of m6A marks resulted in dramatic loss of H3K4me3 across key erythroid-specific KLF1 transcriptional targets (e.g., Heme biosynthesis genes). Further, each m6A MTase subunit and a subset of their mRNAs targets, including BRD7, CXXC1, PABPC1, PABPC4, STK40, and TADA2B, were required for erythroid specification. Thus, m6A mRNA marks promote the translation of a network of genes required for human erythropoiesis.

cell biology↗
bioRxiv2018

RNA is a critical element for the sizing and the composition of phase-separated RNA-protein condensates

Liquid-liquid phase separation is thought to be a key organizing principle in eukaryotic cells to generate highly concentrated dynamic assemblies, such as the RNP granules. Numerous in vitro approaches have validated this model, yet a missing aspect is to take into consideration the complex molecular mixture and promiscuous interactions found in vivo. Here we report the versatile scaffold \"ArtiG\" to generate concentration-dependent RNA-protein condensates within living cells, as a bottom-up approach to study the impact of co-segregated endogenous components on phase separation. We demonstrate that intracellular RNA seeds the nucleation of the condensates, as it provides molecular cues to locally coordinate the formation of endogenous high order RNP assemblies. Interestingly, the co-segregation of intracellular components ultimately impacts the size of the phase-separated condensates. Thus, RNA arises as an architectural element that can influence the composition and the morphological outcome of the condensate phases in an intracellular context.

cell biology↗
bioRxiv2018

SPRTN Protease and Checkpoint Kinase 1 Cross-Activation Loop Safeguards DNA Replication

The SPRTN metalloprotease is essential for DNA-protein crosslink (DPC) repair and DNA replication in vertebrate cells. Cells deficient in SPRTN protease activity exhibit severe DPC-induced replication stress and genome instability, manifesting as premature ageing and liver cancer in humans and mice. Strikingly, SPRTN-deficient cells also show a severe G2/M checkpoint defect and fail to activate a robust checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) signalling cascade normally triggered in response to replication stress. Here, we show that SPRTN activates the CHK1 signalling cascade during physiological (steady-state) DNA replication by proteolysis-dependent eviction of CHK1 from chromatin. The N-terminal CHK1 fragments cleaved by SPRTN protease still possess kinase activity and phosphorylate SPRTN. This CHK1-dependent phosphorylation stimulates SPRTN recruitment to chromatin to further promote CHK1 eviction from chromatin, DPC removal and unperturbed DNA replication. Our data suggest that a SPRTN-CHK1 cross-activation loop is essential for steady-state DNA replication and protection from DNA replication stress, a major source of genome instability in diseases that cause premature ageing and cancer. In addition, we disclose a mechanism of CHK1 activation during physiological DNA replication, when long stretches of single stranded (ss) DNA that are induced by genotoxic stress and activate canonical and robust CHK1 signalling are not present.

cell biology↗
bioRxiv2018

A comprehensive genetic characterisation of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter in Drosophila

Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake is an important mediator of metabolism and cell death. Identification of components of the highly conserved mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter has opened it up to genetic analysis in model organisms. Here we report a comprehensive genetic characterisation of the known uniporter components conserved in Drosophila. While loss of MCU or EMRE abolishes fast mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake, this results in surprisingly mild phenotypes. In contrast, loss of the regulatory gatekeeper component MICU1 has a much more severe phenotype, being developmental lethal, consistent with unregulated Ca2+ uptake. Mutants for MICU3 are viable with mild neurological phenotypes. Genetic interaction studies reveal that MICU1 and MICU3 are not functionally interchangeable. More surprisingly, loss of MCU or EMRE does not suppress MICU1 mutant lethality, suggesting that the lethality results from MCU-independent functions. This study helps shed light on the physiological requirements of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter, and provides a suite of tools to interrogate their interplay in homeostasis and disease conditions.

cell biology↗
bioRxiv2018

The Hippo network kinase STK38 contributes to protein homeostasis by inhibiting BAG3-mediated autophagy

Chaperone-assisted selective autophagy (CASA) initiated by the cochaperone Bcl2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) represents an important mechanism for the disposal of misfolded and damaged proteins in mammalian cells. Under mechanical stress, the cochaperone cooperates with the small heat shock protein HSPB8 and the cytoskeleton-associated protein SYNPO2 to degrade force-unfolded forms of the actin-crosslinking protein filamin. This is essential for muscle maintenance in flies, fish, mice and men. Here, we identify the serine/threonine protein kinase 38 (STK38), which is part of the Hippo signaling network, as a novel interactor of BAG3. STK38 was previously shown to facilitate cytoskeleton assembly and to promote mitophagy as well as starvation and detachment induced autophagy. Significantly, our study reveals that STK38 exerts an inhibitory activity on BAG3-mediated autophagy. Inhibition relies on a disruption of the functional interplay of BAG3 with HSPB8 and SYNPO2 upon binding of STK38 to the cochaperone. Of note, STK38 attenuates CASA independently of its kinase activity, whereas previously established regulatory functions of STK38 involve target phosphorylation. The ability to exert different modes of regulation on central protein homeostasis (proteostasis) machineries apparently allows STK38 to coordinate the execution of diverse macroautophagy pathways and to balance cytoskeleton assembly and degradation.\n\nAbbreviationsBAG3, BCL2-associated athanogene; CASA, chaperone-assisted selective autophagy; CHIP, carboxy terminus of HSP70 interacting protein; EPS, electrical pulse stimulation; GST, glutathione-S-transferase; mTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin; mTORC1, mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1; STK38, serine/threonine protein kinase 38.

cell biology↗
bioRxiv2018

A risk-reward tradeoff of high ribosome production in proliferating cells

To achieve maximal growth, cells must manage a massive economy of ribosomal proteins (r-proteins) and RNAs (rRNAs), which are required to produce thousands of new ribosomes every minute. Although ribosomes are essential in all cells, disruptions to ribosome biogenesis lead to heterogeneous phenotypes. Here, we modeled these perturbations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and show that challenges to ribosome biogenesis result immediately in acute loss of proteostasis (protein folding homeostasis). Imbalances in the synthesis of r-proteins and rRNAs lead to the rapid aggregation of newly synthesized orphan r-proteins and compromise essential cellular processes. In response, proteostasis genes are activated by an Hsf1-dependent stress response pathway that is required for recovery from r-protein assembly stress. Importantly, we show that exogenously bolstering the proteostasis network increases cellular fitness in the face of challenges to ribosome assembly, demonstrating the direct contribution of orphan r-proteins to cellular phenotypes. Our results highlight ribosome assembly as a linchpin of cellular homeostasis, representing a key proteostasis vulnerability for rapidly proliferating cells that may be compromised by diverse genetic, environmental, and xenobiotic conditions that generate orphan r-proteins.

cell biology↗
bioRxiv2018

The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor senses the Henna pigment Lawsone and mediates Yin-Yang effects on skin homeostasis

As a first host barrier, the skin is constantly exposed to environmental insults that perturb its integrity. Tight regulation of skin homeostasis is largely controlled by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Here, we demonstrate that Henna and its major pigment, the naphthoquinone Lawsone activate AhR, both in vitro and in vivo. In human keratinocytes and epidermis equivalents, Lawsone exposure enhances the production of late epidermal proteins, impacts keratinocyte differentiation and proliferation, and regulates skin inflammation. To determine the potential use of Lawsone for therapeutic application, we harnessed human, murine and zebrafish models. In skin regeneration models, Lawsone interferes with physiological tissue regeneration and inhibits wound healing. Conversely, in a human acute dermatitis model, topical application of a Lawsone-containing cream ameliorates skin irritation. Altogether, our study reveals how a widely used natural plant pigment is sensed by the host receptor AhR, and how the physiopathological context determines beneficial and detrimental outcomes.

cell biology↗
bioRxiv2018

EFCAB9 is a pH-Dependent Ca2+ Sensor that Regulates CatSper Channel Activity and Sperm Motility

SummaryVarying pH of luminal fluid along the female reproductive tract is a physiological cue that modulates sperm motility. CatSper is a sperm-specific, pH-sensitive calcium channel essential for hyperactivated motility and male fertility. Multi-subunit CatSper channel complexes organize linear Ca2+ signaling nanodomains along the sperm tail. Here, we identify EF-hand calciumbinding domain-containing protein 9 (EFCAB9) as a dual function, cytoplasmic machine modulating the channel activity and the domain organization of CatSper. Knockout mice studies demonstrate that EFCAB9, in complex with the CatSper subunit, CAT SPER{zeta}, is essential for pH-dependent and Ca2+ sensitive activation of the CatSper channel. In the absence of EFCAB9, sperm motility and fertility is compromised and the linear arrangement of the Ca2+ signaling domains is disrupted. EFCAB9 interacts directly with CATSPER{zeta} in a Ca2+ dependent manner and dissociates at elevated pH.These observations suggest that EFCAB9 is a long-sought, intracellular, pH-dependent Ca2+ sensor that triggers changes in sperm motility.\n\nHighlightsO_LIEfcab9 encodes an evolutionarily conserved, sperm-specific EF-hand domain protein\nC_LIO_LIEfcab9-deficient mice have sperm motility defects and reduced male fertility\nC_LIO_LIEFCAB9 is a pH-tuned Ca2+ sensor for flagellar CatSper Ca2+ channel\nC_LIO_LIEFCAB9 is a dual function machine in gatekeeping and domain organization of CatSper\nC_LI

cell biology↗
bioRxiv2018

Minimization of cross-talk between Spindle Assembly Checkpoint silencing and error correction

Accurate chromosome segregation during cell division requires that the pair of sister kinetochores on each chromosome attach to microtubules originating from opposite spindle poles. This is ensured by the combined action of the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint (SAC), which detects unattached kinetochores, and an error correction mechanism that destabilizes incorrect attachment of both sister kinetochores to the same spindle pole. These processes are downregulated by Protein Phosphatase 1 (PP1), which both silences the SAC and stabilizes kinetochore-microtubule attachments. We find that this dual PP1 role can be problematic: if PP1 is recruited to the kinetochore for SAC silencing prior to chromosome biorientation, it interferes with error correction. We show that to mitigate this cross-talk, the yeast kinetochore uses independent PP1 sources to stabilize correct attachments and to silence the SAC, and also delays the recruitment of PP1 for SAC silencing. Consequently, chromosome biorientation precedes SAC silencing ensuring accurate chromosome segregation.

cell biology↗
bioRxiv2018

Contractile actomyosin network on nuclear envelope remnants positions chromosomes for mitosis

To ensure proper segregation during mitosis, chromosomes must be efficiently captured by kinetochore microtubules and subsequently aligned on the mitotic spindle. The efficacy of chromosome capture by the mitotic spindle can be influenced by how widely chromosomes are scattered in space. Here, we quantify chromosome-scattering volume (CSV) and find that it is reduced immediately after nuclear envelope breakdown (NEBD) in human cells. The reduction of CSV occurs independently of microtubules and is therefore not an outcome of interactions between chromosomes and the spindle. We find that, prior to NEBD, an acto-myosin network is assembled in a LINC complex-dependent manner on the cytoplasmic surface of the nuclear envelope. This acto-myosin network remains around chromosomes soon after NEBD, and its myosin-II-mediated contraction reduces CSV and facilitates chromosome interaction with spindle microtubules.

cell biology↗
bioRxiv2018

Cantharidin alters GPI-anchored protein sorting by targeting Cdc1 mediated remodeling in Endoplasmic Reticulum

Cantharidin (CTD) is a potent anticancer small molecule produced by several species of blister beetle. It has been a traditional medicine for the treatment of warts and tumors for many decades. CTD suppresses the tumor growth by inducing apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and DNA damage. It is a known inhibitor of PP2A and PP1. In this study, we identified new molecular targets of CTD using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism which expresses a Cantharidin Resistance Gene (CRG1). CRG1 encodes a SAM-dependent methyltransferase that inactivates CTD by methylation. CTD alters lipid homeostasis, cell wall integrity, endocytosis, adhesion, and invasion in yeast cells. We found that CTD specifically affects the phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) associated functions which can be rescued by supplementation of ethanolamine (ETA) in the growth media. CTD also perturbed ER homeostasis and cell wall integrity by altering the GPI-anchored protein sorting. The CTD dependent genetic interaction profile of CRG1 revealed that Cdc1 activity in GPI-anchor remodeling is the key target of CTD, which we found to be independent of PP2A and PP1. Furthermore, our experiments with human cells suggest that CTD functions through a conserved mechanism in higher eukaryotes as well. Altogether, we conclude that CTD induces cytotoxicity by targeting Cdc1 activity in GPI-anchor remodeling in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

cell biology↗
bioRxiv2018

The WT1-BASP1 complex is required to maintain the differentiated state of taste receptor cells

The WT1-BASP1 complex is a transcriptional repressor that is involved in cell differentiation; however, the mechanisms underlying its effects are not well-characterized in vivo. In the peripheral taste system which endogenously expresses these proteins, BASP1 co-expression with WT1 begins at the end of development, suggesting a role for the WT1-BASP1 complex in terminal cell differentiation within this system. Using a conditional BASP1 mouse, we demonstrate that BASP1 is critical to maintain the differentiated state of adult cells by inhibiting the activation of WT1-dependent target genes. Our results uncover a central role for the WT1-BASP1 complex in maintaining cell differentiation.

cell biology↗