Room without a view - den construction in relation to body size in brown bears.

Abstract

Hibernation is an adaptive strategy to survive harsh winter conditions and food shortage. The use of well-insulated winter dens helps animals minimize energy loss during hibernation. Brown bears (Ursus arctos) commonly use excavated dens for hibernation. Physical properties of excavated dens, such as the amount of space between a bear and the inner wall, wall/roof thickness, and bedding materials, are expected to impact heat retention and energy conservation of bears. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of physical properties of excavated dens on energy conservation in hibernating bears. Our hypothesis was that bears excavate dens in a way to minimize heat loss and optimize energy conservation during hibernation. We predicted that physical properties of excavated dens would significantly affect the bears post-hibernation body condition. To test our hypothesis and prediction, we analyzed data collected from brown bears in Sweden with linear mixed effects models, examining (i) what factors affect den-excavation behavior and (ii) if physical properties of excavated dens affect post-hibernation body condition. We found that bears excavated a den cavity in relation to their body size, that older bears tended to excavate better-fitting den cavities compared to young bears, and that the physical properties of excavated dens did not significantly affect a bears post-hibernation body condition. Older bears excavated better-fitting den cavities, suggesting a potentially experience-based shift with age in den-excavation behavior and an optimum cavity size relative to a bears body size. The strong year effect shown by the most parsimonious model for post-hibernation body condition suggests that variations in physical properties of excavated dens are possibly negligible, compared to the large annual variations in biotic and abiotic factors affecting pre-hibernation body condition and heat loss during hibernation.