Phenotypic variation in divergent mitochondrial haplotypes in migratory three-spined stickleback

Shepherd, E.; Barnes, M.; Lewis, H.; Fisher, B.; MacColl, A.

doi:10.64898/2026.11.04.764197

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bioRxiv · 10.64898/2026.11.04.764197

Phenotypic variation in divergent mitochondrial haplotypes in migratory three-spined stickleback

Shepherd, E.·Barnes, M.·Lewis, H.·Fisher, B.·MacColl, A.

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Abstract

Mitochondria are essential components in life-sustaining organismal processes. The mitochondrial genome can be influenced by selection, and divergent mitochondrial haplotypes have substantial potential to affect interspecies variation in life-history and physiology, yet little is known about whole organism phenotypic changes that might accompany mitochondrial genomic divergence. Three-spined stickleback on the Scottish island of North Uist provide a model to study this as their populations exhibit a well-mixed nuclear genome, yet two highly diverged mitochondrial haplotypes ( trans-Atlantic and European). Three-spined stickleback were sampled from six lochs to investigate associations between mitochondrial haplotype and phenotypic traits including organ size, body size, and ovule volume/clutch size, as well as citrate synthase enzyme activity. Results showed that mitochondrial haplotype has an influence on male gonadosomatic index (GSI) and potentially citrate synthase (CS) enzyme activity. Differences in male GSI may be explained by the timing of male spermatogenesis or potentially a need for larger testes in European haplotype fish. While no other phenotypic trait showed differences between mitochondrial haplotypes, there were many differences between sexes and populations e.g. in body size and organ/muscle size.

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Shepherd, E., Barnes, M., Lewis, H., Fisher, B., MacColl, A.. 2026-11-09. Phenotypic variation in divergent mitochondrial haplotypes in migratory three-spined stickleback. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.04.764197

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