Inhibition of H3K27M-enhanced ATM signaling increases radiation efficacy in diffuse midline glioma

Abstract

H3K27-altered diffuse midline glioma (DMG) is an aggressive and treatment-resistant form of pediatric high-grade glioma (pHGG). The disease is defined by point mutations in histone H3 that convert lysine 27 to methionine (termed H3K27M), resulting in genome-wide epigenetic changes that drive tumorigenesis. While radiation therapy is the standard of care, subsequent recurrence, often within the high dose radiation field, is universal. We found that the apical DNA damage response (DDR) kinase Ataxia Telangiectasia-Mutated (ATM) was uniquely upregulated in H3K27M-expressing patient tumor samples compared to pHGG expressing only wild-type histone H3. Using a panel of H3K27 isogenic DMG cell lines, we further found that H3K27M was associated with reduced H3K27me3 within the ATM promoter, increased ATM mRNA levels, and elevated DDR signaling, even in the absence of exogenous DNA damage. Consistent with these results, AZD1390, a clinical-grade, CNS-penetrant ATM inhibitor, sensitized H3K27M neurospheres to the long-term effects of radiation on survival, in part due to attenuated repair of radiation-induced DNA damage. Finally, AZD1390 sensitized orthotopic H3K27M mutant tumors to radiotherapy and significantly extended median survival relative to vehicle, AZD1390 or radiation alone (50 days vs 31, 36 or 39 days, respectively) with minimal adverse effects. Taken together, these data provide a direct mechanistic link between the H3K27M mutation and ATM expression and support the clinical investigation of AZD1390 with radiotherapy in H3K27M-altered DMG.