Biology subjects

Lee, H.-R.

Publications and source records attributed to Lee, H.-R..

5 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

LAT condensation gates PLCγ1 activation via bimodal LAT phosphorylation

T cells can respond to even a single molecular binding event of antigen to a TCR. A key step in the TCR signaling pathway that definitively exhibits this single molecule response is the initiation of calcium influx by activation of PLC{gamma}1 in the LAT protein condensate. Here, we describe detailed kinetic measurements examining how protein condensation of LAT regulates activation of PLC{gamma}1 using a reconstituted membrane system. The results reveal that membrane recruitment of PLC{gamma}1 is tightly controlled by the LAT phosphorylation state, with no measurable independent recruitment to PIP2 or PIP3 lipids via the PLC{gamma}1 PH domains. We further observe PLC{gamma}1 is rapidly activated by membrane-associated kinase upon recruitment, irrespective of the LAT condensation state. These studies also revealed a crosstalk mechanism in which the TEC family kinases responsible for PLC{gamma}1 activation also phosphorylate LAT. This interaction establishes a positive feedback loop in LAT phosphorylation, mediated through LAT condensation, which drives a bimodal LAT phosphorylation response to TCR activation. Kinetic modeling reveals how this LAT phosphorylation response can cooperatively gate PLC{gamma}1 activation from a single TCR. These results suggest the LAT condensate facilitates both signal amplification and noise suppression in PLC{gamma}1 activation through a bimodal switch affecting LAT phosphorylation. Significance StatementT cells are sensitive sensors capable of detecting and responding to trace amounts of foreign antigen. Understanding how they achieve such sensitivity while maintaining accurate antigen discrimination remains a key challenge. Here, through detailed kinetic measurements of PLC{gamma}1 activation, we identify a cross reactivity in which kinases responsible for PLC{gamma}1 phosphorylation also phosphorylate LAT. This creates a bimodal switch controlling LAT phosphorylation levels, which gates PLC{gamma}1 activation from single TCR signals. We suggest this mechanism plays a key role in the signal amplification and noise suppression required for T cells to detect single antigen molecules.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2025

eIF2B Selectively Anchors and Activates Mutant KRAS

Much is known about how RAS oncoproteins regulate mRNA translation factors, but the reverse relationship, how translation factors influence RAS activity, has remained largely unexplored. At the plasma membrane (PM), Son of Sevenless (SOS) acts as the canonical guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for RAS proteins, yet mechanisms governing its specificity for individual RAS isoforms remain unknown. Here, we show that the translation initiation factor eIF2B, best known for its GEF function in translation initiation, forms a distinct complex with SOS and mutant KRAS at the PM, but not with other oncogenic RAS variants. Mechanistically, eIF2B acts as an allosteric regulator of SOS, selectively enhancing GDP-GTP exchange on mutant KRAS. This specificity arises from the translational activity of eIF2B, which upregulates glycosphingolipid (GSL) biosynthesis to remodel PM lipids and preferentially anchor mutant KRAS. Together, our results uncover an unexpected moonlighting function of eIF2B: acting both as a direct activator of SOS and as a regulator of GSL pathway that shapes the membrane landscape, both required for mutant KRAS activation. These insights redefine our understanding of eIF2B and mutant KRAS functions in cancer and have profound implications for KRAS-driven oncogenesis. Graphical Abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=161 SRC="FIGDIR/small/686860v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (21K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f50934org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@2f55b9org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1a51e39org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1634aac_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG O_LIeIF2B interacts with mutant KRAS and SOS at the plasma membrane (PM). C_LIO_LIThe eIF2B:SOS complex promotes the GTP-bound active state of mutant KRAS. C_LIO_LIeIF2B enhances the translation of B4GALT5 mRNA, encoding a key enzyme of glycosphingolipid (GSL) biosynthesis. C_LIO_LIUpregulation of the GSL metabolites, ganglioside GM3 and sulfatide SM4, remodels PM lipid composition to facilitate eIF2B:SOS:KRAS complex formation and mutant KRAS nanoclustering. C_LIO_LIThrough its interaction with SOS and stimulation of GSL synthesis, eIF2B selectively activates mutant KRAS at the PM among RAS isoforms. C_LIO_LIeIF2B is required for the development of mKRAS-driven lung adenocarcinoma in mice. C_LIO_LIeIF2B is a marker of poor prognosis in mutant KRAS-driven cancers. C_LI

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2024

Prelimbic corticopontine neurons gate extinction learning

The prelimbic cortex is essential for association of temporally separated events, and impedes extinction of learned association. The network mechanism underlying reversal learning, however, remains elusive. Here, we found that mitochondria-dependent post-tetanic potentiation at synapses onto prelimbic corticopontine neurons impedes extinction learning without affecting initial associative learning. Rats underwent trace fear conditioning followed by extinction sessions. Pharmacological inhibition of post-tetanic potentiation using tetaraphenylphosphnium (TPP), a mitochondrial Ca2+ release blocker, accelerated extinction of trace fear memory, leaving trace fear memory formation intact. Optogenetic inhibition of corticopontine, but not commissural, neurons phenocopied these effects. Electrophysiological recordings and Ca2+ imaging revealed that TPP treatment reduced the persistent activity of corticopontine neurons encoding tone presentation. Mechanistically, associative learning triggers the bursting activity of prelimbic pyramidal neurons that induces post-tetanic potentiation of corticopontine neurons, an effect blocked by TPP treatment. Thus, we identified a prelimbic cell type- and local circuit-specific mechanism that selectively gates extinction learning.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2024

Lipid droplet surface promotes three-dimensional morphological evolution of non-rhomboidal cholesterol crystals

Cholesterol crystals, which cause inflammation and various diseases, predominantly grow in a platy, rhomboid structure on the plasma membranes but exhibit an uneven three-dimensional architecture intracellularly. Here, we demonstrate how cholesterol crystallizes in a non-rhomboidal shape on the surface of lipid droplets and develops into three-dimensional sheet-like agglomerates using an in vitro lipid droplet reconstitution system with stereoscopic fluorescence imaging. Our findings reveal that interfacial cholesterol transport on the lipid droplet surface and unique lipid droplet components significantly influence the nucleation-and-growth dynamics of cholesterol crystals, leading to crystal growth in various polygonal shapes. Furthermore, cholesterol crystals readily agglomerate to form large, curved sheet structures on the confined, spherical surfaces of lipid droplets. This discovery enhances our understanding of the volumetric morphological growth of intracellular cholesterol crystals.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2022

Mosaic receptor-binding domain nanoparticles induce protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 challenges

Recurrent spillovers of - and {beta}-coronaviruses (CoV) such as acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and possibly human CoV (NL63, 229E, OC43, and HKU1) have caused serious morbidity and mortality worldwide. Six receptor binding domains (RBDs) derived from - and {beta}-CoV that are considered to have originated from animals and cross-infected humans were linked to proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) heterotrimeric subunits, PCNA1, PCNA2, and PCNA3. These were used to form a scaffold-based mosaic multivalent antigen, 6RBD-np. Electron microscopic and atomic force microscopic images show a ring-shaped disk with six protruding RBDs, like jewels in a crown, with a size of 40 nm. Prime-boost immunizations with 6RBD-np in BALB/c mice elicited strong, dose-dependent antibody responses. In human angiotensin converting enzyme 2-transgenic mice, the same immunization induced full-protection against SARS-CoV-2 wild type and Delta challenges, resulting in a 100% survival rate. The mosaic 6RBD-np provides a potential platform for developing a pan-CoV vaccine against newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and future CoV spillovers. SignificanceDespite the arsenal of COVID-19 vaccines, hospitalization and mortality associated with SARS-CoV-2 (acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) variants remain high. There is an urgent need to develop next-generation COVID vaccines that provide broad protection against diseases by current and newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. In this study, six receptor binding domains (RBDs) derived from - and {beta}-CoV were linked to proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) heterotrimeric scaffolds. They assemble to create a stable mosaic multivalent nanoparticle, 6RBD-np, displaying a ring-shaped disk with six protruding antigens. The prime-boost immunization in BALB/c and human angiotensin converting enzyme 2-transgenic mice with the 6RBD-np elicited strong, dose-dependent antibody responses and induced full-protection against both the SARS-CoV-2 wild type (WT) and Delta challenges. This study provides proof-of-concept that the mosaic 6RBD-np induces 100% protection against SARS-CoV-2 WT and Delta. It provides the potential of co-displaying heterologous antigens for novel vaccine designs, which can be deployed countering future pandemics.

bioengineering↗