Biology subjects

Koenig, C.

Publications and source records attributed to Koenig, C..

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

High-fidelity bispecific protease KRysin for deeper plasma proteomics and phosphoproteomics

Bottom-up proteomics relies on efficient and reproducible proteolytic digestion. Yet trypsin, the most widely used protease, frequently misses cleavages, particularly near prolines, acidic and phosphorylated residues. Incomplete digestion inflates search space, dilutes peptide signal, and limits depth and reproducibility, especially in challenging matrices such as plasma and phosphoproteomics. Here we present KRysin, a recombinant bispecific protease that cleaves C-terminal to lysine and arginine with very high specificity and efficiency, generating tryptic peptides compatible with standard proteomics workflows. In HeLa digests, ~99% of KRysin-generated peptides ended in lysine or arginine, including at sites followed by proline, and only 0.2% of peptides contained an internal (missed-cleaved) arginine and 6% an internal lysine, compared with 9% and 25%, respectively, for trypsin. Using narrow-window DIA at 60 samples-per-day, KRysin quantified close to 50,000 class I phosphosites, >10,000 more than trypsin-based workflows, and identified up to 40% more plasma protein groups, uniquely revealing receptors, cytokines, and growth factors. KRysin therefore provides a direct alternative to trypsin wherever digestion completeness, speed and PTM coverage are limiting.

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2026

Distinct associative learning abilities for colour and odour in the flower-feeding Drosophila elegans and the fruit-feeding Drosophila melanogaster

Animal behaviour is both innately constrained and shaped by learning. This mosaic organization has evolved in response to species-specific ecological demands and may differ between sensory modalities. Flower-visiting animals are a particularly useful system for investigating the relationship between sensory ecology and learning because they rely on multiple floral cues, particularly odour and colour, to locate food sources. However, it remains largely unexplored whether specialization on floral resources entails divergence in learning abilities across sensory modalities. Drosophila elegans is a flower-feeding species that depends heavily on floral resources throughout its life; adults spend much of their time on flowers and larvae develop on fallen flower leaves. Here, we compared odour-reward and colour-reward associative learning between the flower-feeding D. elegans and the fruit-feeding D. melanogaster. We found that, under conditions of equilibrated motivation, odour- and colour-preference, and using the same sugar reward, D. elegans exhibited poorer odour-reward learning performance but better colour-reward learning performance than D. melanogaster. These results suggest that the modality-specific eligibility of sensory information to enter into associations, known as the 'Garcia-effect' in experimental psychology, can evolve oppositely between species. This highlights the relationship between ecological specialization and mnemonic processing, and shows that biological 'intelligence' is not general.

evolutionary biology↗

bioRxiv2026

The post-hoc montage of perception: deep layers of primary visual cortex encode postdictive percepts

One of the most puzzling aspects of perception is postdiction: later information can change how a previous stimulus is perceived [1,2]. This indicates that perception is not a livestream of the external world, but rather a post-hoc reconstruction. How does the brain revise perception? It has been proposed that recurrent processing in the sensory hierarchy may sustain earlier information long enough for later information to impact it [3]. We hypothesised that this allows feedback from higher-order multisensory regions to alter the representation of earlier visual stimuli in the primary visual cortex (V1) [4]. Here, we tested this hypothesis using two postdictive illusions [5], where the presence or absence of a tone determines whether an illusory flash is perceived, or an actually presented flash is perceptually suppressed, respectively. This allowed us to isolate neural signals reflecting illusory percepts from sensory inputs in retinotopic space. We collected 7T layer-specific fMRI data while participants (N=23) experienced the illusions. We found that postdictive illusions induced similar activity patterns as real percepts, specifically in the deep layers of V1, suggesting postdictive feedback. Informational connectivity analyses suggested that the source of this feedback was the Superior Temporal Cortex (STC). We conclude that the postdictive montage of perception is reflected in V1, implemented through a delaying feedback loop with higher-order sensory cortex. This extends the role V1 plays in perceptual inference: beyond receiving sensory inputs reflecting the present and predictions of the future, it is involved in the post-hoc revision of perception.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2026

Hyoid barbels as a key innovation triggering goatfish adaptive radiation

Key innovations can unlock ecological opportunities and redirect the evolutionary trajectory of entire lineages, yet few traits have been shown to trigger both hallmarks of a genuine adaptive radiation, rapid speciation and pronounced ecomorphological divergence, within a single lineage. This is especially true among coral reef fishes, where trophic novelties are routinely proposed as drivers of diversity but rarely tested against both criteria. Here, we show that goatfishes (Mullidae), a reef fish family having chemosensory hyoid barbels, meet this standard. First, macroevolutionary analyses of speciation dynamics reveal that goatfishes diversified at a markedly elevated rate relative to other Syngnathiformes. Using the most comprehensive phylogeny of the family to date, combining ultraconserved elements and mitochondrial data for 76 of the 103 recognized species, alongside the largest phenotypic dataset assembled for the group, we find that this elevated rate has been sustained since the family's origin roughly 25 million years ago, rather than declining as ecological opportunity became filled. Head shape, the trait most closely tied to the foraging strategy enabled by hyoid barbels, diverged rapidly among genera early in the family's history and has remained conserved ever since, while body shape and barbel microstructure evolved conservatively and pigmentation diversified later through repeated convergence. By opening access to previously untapped benthic prey resources and triggering a lasting burst of diversification, hyoid barbels emerge as a key innovation that reshaped the evolutionary trajectory of an entire reef fish lineage.

evolutionary biology↗

bioRxiv2026

NEUROMUSCULAR ELECTRICAL STIMULATION LIMITS MUSCLE WEAKNESS, ATROPHY, MODULATES SATELLITE CELL FUNCTION AND REDUCES INFLAMMATION IN CANCER CACHEXIA

BackgroundCancer cachexia (CC) is characterized by skeletal muscle atrophy and reduced strength, partly linked to dysfunction of muscle stem cells (MuSCs) and alterations in their niche. Although exercise may mitigate muscle loss, its effects in CC remain debated and its feasibility is often limited in advanced patients. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) offers a promising alternative, by promoting MuSC proliferation and fusion, increasing muscle size and macrophage content in healthy muscle. This study investigated whether NMES, initiated at tumor onset, could improve MuSC regulation and its niche while limiting muscle atrophy and weakness in a tumor-bearing mouse model. MethodsTen-week-old male BALB/c mice were subcutaneously injected with C26 tumor cells or PBS. Tumor-bearing mice were divided into NMES-treated (C26 NMES) and non-stimulated controls (C26). NMES consisted of six sessions (two series of three consecutive daily sessions separated by one rest day), starting seven days post-inoculation when tumors became visible. Each session was delivered at a submaximal intensity corresponding to 15% of maximal strength. Muscle mass, myofiber size, strength and cellular composition were assessed. ResultsMuscle mass was decreased by 13% in C26 mice as compared to PBS controls, while C26 NMES mice showed a [~]7% improvement over C26 mice. Mean myofiber size decreased similarly in both tumor-bearing groups as compared to PBS controls (-12-14%). However, NMES reduced the proportion of small myofibers (400-600 {micro}m{superscript 2}) as compared to C26 mice. Maximal torque loss was less severe in C26 NMES mice (-28%) than in C26 mice (-34%). As compared with PBS mice, C26 mice exhibited increased MuSC proliferation (+97%) but reduced differentiation (-61%), as indicated by fewer myogenin-positive cells. NMES normalized MuSC proliferation, restored myogenin-positive cell number, and enhanced MuSC fusion, reflected by an increased number of PCM1-positive myonuclei (+8-11%). NMES also modulated inflammation, reducing neutrophils (-42%) and increasing macrophages (+35%), through the proliferation of CD169-positive resident macrophages (+106%). In vitro, macrophages exposed to C26 muscle extracts showed elevated pro-inflammatory markers (COX2 and TNF-; +21% and +16%) as compared to PBS controls. This effect was abolished with extracts from C26 NMES muscles. Additionally, C26 extracts reduced the expression of anti-inflammatory markers by macrophages (CD206 and IL-10; -23%), whereas NMES restored their levels to those of controls. ConclusionNMES-induced mild contractile activity is an effective stimulus for preserving muscle strength and mass, improving MuSC regulation, and modulating muscle inflammation in a mouse model of CC.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2025

The Human Cell Line Phosphoproteome Atlas: A Deep Empirical Resource Revealing Kinase Activity Landscapes

Protein phosphorylation orchestrates cellular signaling and controls diverse biological processes, with its dysregulation driving diseases, notably cancer. Comprehensive, high-throughput phosphoproteomics remains limited by detection sensitivity, data completeness, and computational bottlenecks, especially in low-input settings. We present the deepest empirical human phosphoproteome resource to date, regrouping over 200,000 class I phosphosites across 33 diverse human cell lines, and demonstrate that this spectral library dramatically improves single-shot phosphoproteomics with 30-fold faster data processing compared to library-free approaches and enhanced confidence in phosphosite localization even from minimal sample input. Integrating proteome and phosphoproteome data, we developed a combined kinase activity score, revealing cell line- and cancer-specific signaling vulnerabilities, many correlating with drug sensitivity. This resource accelerates deep, reproducible phosphoproteomics, enabling systematic functional mapping of cellular signaling networks, and empowers precision oncology by highlighting actionable kinase targets in diverse cell states.

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2025

A novel, high-density CRISPR activation platform for mapping cancer dependencies and resistance pathways ex vivo and in vivo

CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) enables precise, locus-specific upregulation of gene expression, offering potential for both ex vivo and in vivo applications. However, the lack of scalable, high-coverage tools has limited its use in comprehensive genetic screens, particularly in murine models. Here, we introduce Partita, a next-generation, whole-genome CRISPRa sgRNA platform designed for unparalleled efficiency and depth in gene activation studies. Partita employs a high-density targeting strategy, deploying 10 sgRNAs per transcription start site, structured into five gene family-specific sub-libraries to maximize transcriptional induction. To demonstrate its capabilities, we performed a series of large-scale screens: an in vitro enrichment/depletion screen in iBMDMs, whole-genome CRISPRa screens in a double-hit lymphoma model to uncover genes driving resistance to pro-apoptotic drugs (venetoclax, nutlin-3a, etoposide), and an in vivo whole-genome screen identifying accelerators of Myc-driven lymphomagenesis. Each experiment revealed both expected and novel regulators of cellular phenotypes, with a high validation rate in secondary assays. By enabling robust, high-throughput gain-of-function screening, Partita unlocks new avenues for functional genomics and expands the toolkit for discovering key drivers of biological processes across diverse research fields.

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2025

Higher-Throughput Proteome Profiling Enabled by Parallelized Pre-Accumulation and Optimized Ion Processing in the Orbitrap Astral Zoom Mass Spectrometer

High-throughput proteomics is critical for understanding biological processes, enabling large-scale studies such as biomarker discovery and systems biology. However, current mass spectrometry technologies face limitations in speed, sensitivity, and scalability for analyzing large sample cohorts. The Thermo Scientific Orbitrap Astral Zoom mass spectrometer (MS) was developed to address these limitations by improving acquisition speed, ion utilization, and spectral processing, which are all essential for advancing proteome depth in high-throughput proteomics. The Orbitrap Astral Zoom MS achieves ultra-fast MS/MS scan rates of up to 270 Hz with enhanced ion utilization through pre-accumulation, enabling the identification of [~]100,000 unique peptides and >8,400 proteins in a single 300 samples-per-day (SPD) analysis of human cell lysate. The optimized system reduces analysis time by 40%, achieves near-complete proteome coverage (>12,000 proteins) in 2.7 hours, and enables ultra-high-throughput workflows, identifying >7,000 proteins in a 500 SPD method with exceptional reproducibility (Pairwise Pearson correlations >0.99). These advancements establish the Orbitrap Astral Zoom MS as a new benchmark in proteomics, significantly enhancing speed, sensitivity, and scalability, paving the way for routine large-scale proteome studies with applications in clinical research and systems biology. TeaserHigh-Speed Human Proteome Analysis using the Orbitrap Astral Zoom Mass Spectrometer

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2025

Avoidance engages dopaminergic punishment in Drosophila

It was classically suggested that behaviour can cause emotions (Darwin 1872). For example, smiling can make us feel happier, and in rodents the induced patterns of cardiac activity and breathing that are indicative of fear can in turn evoke it (Coles et al. 2022, Hsueh et al. 2023, Jhang et al. 2024). However, the adaptive significance of such feedback is unclear. We show that inducing backward movement, an element of avoidance behaviour in Drosophila, engages negative valence signals in these animals, and reveal the neuronal mechanisms and adaptive significance of this effect. We develop a paradigm with odours as conditioned stimuli paired with optogenetically induced backward movement instead of a punishing unconditioned stimulus, and combined these experiments with pharmacology, high-resolution video tracking, functional imaging, connectome analyses, and modelling. Our results show that backward movement engages dopaminergic punishment neurons and supports aversive memories. Such avoidance-to-punishment feedback counterbalances extinction learning and maintains learned avoidance, reducing the risk of further punishment. This can explain the long-standing "avoidance paradox", the observation that avoidance adaptively persists even when it is successful and no punishment is received (Bolles 1972). Our results provide a neurobiologically grounded argument for an integrated view of behaviour organization and valence processing.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2024

Compromising tyrosine hydroxylase function establishes a delusion-like temporal profile of reinforcement by dopamine neurons in Drosophila

For a proper representation of the causal structure of the world, one must consider both evidence for and evidence against causality. To take punishment as an example, the causality of a stimulus is reasonable if the stimulus precedes punishment, whereas causality can be ruled out if the punishment occurred first. This is reflected in the associative principle of timing-dependent valence reversal: aversive memories are formed when a stimulus occurs before the punishment, whereas memories of appetitive valence are observed when a stimulus is presented upon its relieving termination. We map the temporal profile of punishment induced by optogenetic activation of the PPL1-01 neuron in the fly Drosophila melanogaster, and find that impairment of tyrosine hydroxylase function, either acutely by pharmacological methods or by cell-specific RNAi, i) enhances learning with a time gap between stimulus and PPL1-01 punishment (trace conditioning), ii) impairs learning when the stimulus immediately precedes PPL1-01 punishment (delay conditioning), and iii) prevents learning about a stimulus presented after PPL1-01 punishment has ceased (relief conditioning). This implies a delusion-like state in which causality is attributed to cues that do not merit it (better trace conditioning), whereas both credible evidence for and credible evidence against causality is not properly appreciated (worse delay and relief conditioning). Under conditions of low dopamine, we furthermore observe a compensatory role for serotonin that is pronounced in trace conditioning, weaker in delay conditioning, and absent in relief conditioning. We discuss a disturbed dopamine-serotonin balance as an endophenotype for the positive and cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia.

animal behavior and cognition↗

bioRxiv2024

Metastasis founder cells activate immunosuppression early in human melanoma metastatic colonization

The earliest steps of lethal metastasis in patients are incompletely understood. To dissect them, we prospectively searched for the earliest detectable disseminated cancer cells (DCC) in sentinel lymph node biopsies of 492 stage I-III patients. By visually-controlled, micromanipulator-assisted isolation and single cell transcriptome analysis of these extremely rare DCC, we identified MCSP+ melanoma cells as strong candidates for metastasis founder cells (MFC) in lymph nodes. Based on a median follow-up time of 6 years, their detection was the strongest predictor of systemic metastasis and death upon multivariable analysis. During transition from single cells to metastasis-initiating clusters, melanoma DCC were exposed to CD8 T cell attack, activated the extracellular vesicular exosomal pathway, and expressed the immunomodulatory proteins CD155 and CD276, but rarely PD-L1. CD155 and CD276-positive extracellular vesicles from patient-derived DCC models exhibited an immunosuppressive activity on CD8 T cells. Our data indicate that either direct targeting of MFC employing MCSP or their immune escape mechanisms might be key for cure of early-stage melanoma.

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2024

Bridging Domains in Chronic Lower Back Pain: Large Language Models and Ontology-driven Strategies for Knowledge Graph Construction

Link prediction and entity resolution play pivotal roles in uncovering hidden relationships within networks and ensuring data quality in the era of heterogeneous data integration. This paper explores the utilization of large language models to enhance link prediction, particularly through knowledge graphs derived from transdisciplinary literature. Investigating zero-shot entity resolution techniques, we examine the impact of ontology-based and large language model approaches on the stability of link prediction results. Through a case study focusing on chronic lower back pain research, we analyze workflow decisions and their influence on prediction outcomes. Our research underscores the importance of robust methodologies in improving predictive accuracy and data integration across diverse domains.

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2024

Automated high-throughput biological sex identification from archaeological human dental enamel using targeted proteomics

Biological sex is key information for archaeological and forensic studies, which can be determined by proteomics. However, lack of a standardised approach for fast and accurate sex identification currently limits the reach of proteomics applications. Here, we introduce a streamlined mass spectrometry (MS)-based workflow for determination of biological sex using human dental enamel. Our approach builds on a minimally invasive sampling strategy by acid etching, a rapid online liquid chromatography (LC) gradient coupled to high-resolution parallel reaction monitoring assay allowing for a throughput of 200 samples-per-day with high quantitative performance enabling confident identification of both males and females. Additionally, we have developed a streamlined data analysis pipeline and integrated it into an R-Shiny interface for ease-of-use. The method was first developed and optimised using modern teeth and then validated in an independent set of deciduous teeth of known sex. Finally, the assay was successfully applied to archaeological material, enabling the analysis of over 300 individuals. We demonstrate unprecedented performance and scalability, speeding up MS analysis by tenfold compared to conventional proteomics-based sex identification methods. This work paves the way for large-scale archaeological or forensic studies enabling the investigation of entire populations rather than focusing on individual high-profile specimens.

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2023

Systematic optimization of automated phosphopeptide enrichment for high-sensitivity phosphoproteomics

Improving coverage, robustness and sensitivity is crucial for routine phosphoproteomics analysis by single-shot liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) runs from minimal peptide inputs. Here, we systematically optimized key experimental parameters for automated on-beads phosphoproteomics sample preparation with focus on low input samples. Assessing the number of identified phosphopeptides, enrichment efficiency, site localization scores and relative enrichment of multiply-phosphorylated peptides pinpointed critical variables influencing the resulting phosphoproteome. Optimizing glycolic acid concentration in the loading buffer, percentage of ammonium hydroxide in the elution buffer, peptide-to-beads ratio, binding time, sample and loading buffer volumes, allowed us to confidently identify >16,000 phosphopeptides in half-an-hour LC-MS/MS on an Orbitrap Exploris 480 using 30 {micro}g of peptides as starting material. Furthermore, we evaluated how sequential enrichment can boost phosphoproteome coverage and showed that pooling fractions into a single LC-MS/MS analysis increased the depth. We also present an alternative phosphopeptide enrichment strategy based on stepwise addition of beads thereby boosting phosphoproteome coverage by 20%. Finally, we applied our optimized strategy to evaluate phosphoproteome depth with the Orbitrap Astral MS using a cell dilution series and were able to identify >32,000 phosphopeptides from 0.5 million HeLa cells in half-an-hour LC-MS/MS using narrow-window data-independent acquisition (nDIA). Graphical abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=159 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/568418v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (34K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f455d9org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@130537eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1b99287org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@42e72e_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG

systems biology↗

bioRxiv2023

Structure of the endosomal CORVET tethering complex

Cells depend on their endolysosomal system for nutrient uptake and downregulation of plasma membrane proteins. These processes rely on endosomal maturation, which requires multiple membrane fusion steps. Early endosome fusion is promoted by the Rab5 GTPase and its effector, the hexameric CORVET tethering complex, which is homologous to the lysosomal HOPS. How these related complexes recognize their specific target membranes remains entirely elusive. Here, we solved the structure of CORVET by cryo-electron microscopy and revealed its minimal requirements for membrane tethering. As expected, the core of CORVET and HOPS resembles each other. However, the function-defining subunits show marked structural differences. Notably, we discovered that unlike HOPS, CORVET depends not only on Rab5 but also on phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI3P) and membrane packaging defects for tethering, implying that an organelle-specific membrane code enables fusion. Our data suggest that both shape and membrane interactions of CORVET and HOPS are conserved in metazoans, thus providing a paradigm how tethering complexes function. One-Sentence SummaryUsing cryo-EM, we solved the structure of the CORVET tethering complex and explained how it promotes endosome fusion.

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2023

Cofilin-Driven Nuclear Deformation Drives Dendritic Cell Migration through the Extracellular Matrix

To mount an adaptive immune response, dendritic cells must process antigens, migrate to lymph nodes and form synapses with T cells. Critical to 3D migration and mechano-sensing is the nucleus, which is the size-limiting barrier for navigation through gaps in the extracellular matrix. Here, we show that inflammatory activation of dendritic cells leads to the nucleus becoming spherically deformed, adopting a raison-like shape and enables dendritic cells to overcome the typical 2 - 3-micron pore limit for 3D-migration. We show that the nuclear shape-change is partially attained through reduced cell adhesion, whereas improved migration through extracellular matrix is achieved through reprogramming of the actin cytoskeleton. Specifically we show that cofilin-1 is phosphorylated at serine 41 drives the assembly of a Cofilin-ActoMyosin (CAM)-ring proximal to the nucleus and enhancing migration through 3D collagen gels. In summary, these data describe novel signaling events through which dendritic cells simultaneously deform their nucleus and enhance their migratory capacity; molecular events that may be re-capitulated in other contexts such as wound healing and cancer.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2023

Enamel proteins reveal biological sex and genetic variability within southern African Paranthropus

The evolutionary relationships among extinct African hominin taxa are highly debated and largely unresolved, due in part to a lack of molecular data. Even within taxa, it is not always clear, based on morphology alone, whether ranges of variation are due to sexual dimorphism versus potentially undescribed taxonomic diversity. For Paranthropus robustus, a Pleistocene hominin found only in South Africa, both phylogenetic relationships to other taxa 1,2 and the nature of intraspecific variation 3-6 are still disputed. Here we report the mass spectrometric (MS) sequencing of enamel proteomes from four ca. 2 million year (Ma) old dental specimens attributed morphologically to P. robustus, from the site of Swartkrans. The identification of AMELY-specific peptides and semi-quantitative MS data analysis enabled us to determine the biological sex of all the specimens. Our combined molecular and morphometric data also provide compelling evidence of a significant degree of variation within southern African Paranthropus, as previously suggested based on morphology alone 6. Finally, the molecular data also confirm the taxonomic placement of Paranthropus within the hominin clade. This study demonstrates the feasibility of recovering informative Early Pleistocene hominin enamel proteins from Africa. Crucially, it also shows how the analysis of these proteins can contribute to understanding whether hominin morphological variation is due to sexual dimorphism or to taxonomic differences. We anticipate that this approach can be widely applied to geologically-comparable sites within South Africa, and possibly more broadly across the continent.

evolutionary biology↗

bioRxiv2022

Hybrid-DIA: Intelligent Data Acquisition for Simultaneous Targeted and Discovery Phosphoproteomics in Single Spheroids

Achieving sufficient coverage of regulatory phosphorylation sites by mass spectrometry (MS)-based phosphoproteomics for signaling pathway reconstitution is challenging when analyzing tiny sample amounts. We present a novel hybrid data-independent acquisition (DIA) strategy (hybrid-DIA) that combines targeted and discovery proteomics through an Application Programming Interface (API) to dynamically intercalate DIA scans with accurate triggering of multiplexed tandem MS scans of predefined (phospho)peptide targets. By spiking-in heavy stable isotope labeled phosphopeptide standards covering seven major signaling pathways, we benchmarked hybrid-DIA against state-of-the-art targeted MS methods (i.e. SureQuant) using EGF-stimulated HeLa cells and found the quantitative accuracy and sensitivity to be comparable while hybrid-DIA also profiled the global phosphoproteome. To demonstrate the robustness, sensitivity and potential of hybrid-DIA, we profiled chemotherapeutic agents in single colon carcinoma multicellular spheroids and evaluated the difference of cancer cells in 2D vs 3D culture. Altogether, we showed that hybrid-DIA is the way-to-go method in highly sensitive phospho-proteomics experiments.

systems biology↗