Biology subjects

Gordon, E. M.

Publications and source records attributed to Gordon, E. M..

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

Movie Watching for Individual Functional Brain Network Estimation in Adolescents

Precision functional mapping (PFM) reveals stable individual differences in brain functional network organization and holds promise for advancing neuropsychiatric clinical care. PFM requires sufficient high-quality and densely-sampled functional MRI data at the individual level that is typically acquired during the so-called resting state while passively fixating on a crosshair. However, crosshair fixation acquisitions can be challenging especially for pediatric or patient populations, where alternatives like movie watching might be used to improve data quality and reduce participant burden. Here, we compare the use of resting state crosshair fixation and movie watching fMRI data to derive individual-specific functional brain network topography using PFM data (28-38 minutes of low-motion fMRI data per-participant per-condition) in nineteen adolescents (12-18 years) with a range of transdiagnostic psychiatric diagnoses. Network assignments were largely conserved between crosshair fixation and movie watching, with a smaller subset of reproducible network reassignments which were overwhelmingly border shifts between neighboring networks. This suggests largely conserved global structure of functional network topography between crosshair fixation and movie watching, though border shifts can compound into variable estimates of cortical network size particularly for movie positive (language, salience, and parietal memory) and movie negative networks (default mode, action mode). Functional network assignments derived from movies and crosshair were also similarly individual-specific and consistent within common neuromodulation targets including dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and somatomotor cortex. Key results were replicated in independent pediatric consortia data (Healthy Brain Network, n = 466, 6-22 years) and reproduced across independent PFM data sessions. Acknowledging individual differences and level of analysis, we conclude that movies are a viable alternative to resting state crosshair fixation for individual network definitions.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2026

Precision Confidence Mapping: An approach to determining individualized network topography with limited data

Individualized resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) is increasingly used to guide neuromodulation target selection. However, clinical scans are often short and noisy, and standard pipelines for functional network identification do not provide information about confidence of network assignment. With limited data, unstable network assignments can misdirect stimulation toward off-target regions, making it critical to know which assignments can be trusted. We developed Precision Confidence Mapping (PCM), a bootstrap-based framework that makes this uncertainty explicit and actionable. PCM repeatedly resamples the time series and reruns network detection to estimate how consistently each vertex is assigned to a given network. The resulting confidence maps can be thresholded to exclude less stable regions. We evaluated PCM across scan durations from 5 to 70 minutes using positive predictive value (PPV) as the primary measure of network-assignment precision. PPV quantified the proportion of vertices assigned to a network that received the same label in an independent within-subject 70 minute reference map. Confidence thresholding markedly improved PPV across functional networks, with the largest gains for short scan durations. Compared with standard network assignment, PCM significantly increased agreement with this independent reference. Within-subject agreement remained greater than between-subject agreement, indicating that thresholding preserved individual-specific network topography. These precision gains came with modest reductions in reference-network coverage, particularly at shorter scan durations. This tradeoff may be acceptable for neuromodulation applications that prioritize minimizing off-network assignments. By adding a reliability layer to individualized mapping, PCM supports more cautious and precise neuromodulation targeting under real-world clinical scan constraints.

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bioRxiv2026

Functional brain organization is stable within individuals across years

Brain regions exhibit dynamic yet highly coordinated activity patterns that form large-scale functional networks measurable through resting-state correlations. While their association with fluctuating activity may intuitively suggest functional networks to be temporally transient and dependent on state, a growing body of literature suggests that they are person-specific and stable across days. If truly person-specific, then functional networks should preserve unique characteristics over extended periods. To test this hypothesis, we collected longitudinal precision fMRI data ([≥]60 minutes per participant per time point) from 10 healthy young adults across 1-3 year intervals, as well as three adults over 8-13 years. We further replicated findings in the MyConnectome dataset and its 10-year follow-up. Functional network organization--when sufficient per-participant data were collected-- remained largely stable within individuals over prolonged periods of up to 13 years, suggesting that individualized brain organization constitutes persistent features of personal identity that may be supported by homeostatic mechanisms. SIGNIFICANCEWhile many aspects of brain function are portrayed as dynamic and malleable, our study provides evidence for the long-term preservation of functional organization of the healthy young adult brain. Whole-brain functional organization exhibited unique individual characteristics that were preserved for years, even over a decade. The stability of such individualized neural architecture suggests that the brain encodes features of personhood that may be invariant across contexts and temporal fluctuations. This observation reframes our understanding of brain resilience and plasticity by offering new insights into the extent that homeostatic mechanisms of brain organization can withstand stressors and environmental changes through time to maintain a constant functional organization. These insights pave the way for a more comprehensive understanding of the neural mechanisms behind this stability, with the possibility of pinpointing critical markers of healthy brain function and its disruptions.

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bioRxiv2026

Functional brain network correlates of pubertal timing and depressive symptoms in preadolescence

BACKGROUNDVariation in pubertal maturation relative to same-age, same-sex peers (pubertal timing) has been linked to increased risk for depressive symptoms during adolescence. This developmental period is also characterized by substantial reorganization of functional brain networks. However, how pubertal timing relates to resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) changes and depression risk remains unclear. METHODSWe examined pubertal timing and rsFC associations in preadolescents aged 9-11 years from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. Pubertal timing was estimated using a puberty age gap approach based on parent-reported physical development. Linear mixed-effects and Bayesian multilevel models were used to assess cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between pubertal timing and rsFC across large-scale functional brain networks. We also tested whether rsFC differences explained associations between pubertal timing and later depressive symptoms. RESULTSEarlier pubertal timing was associated with heterogeneous rsFC patterns, with stronger and more widespread effects in females. In females, earlier pubertal timing was associated with rsFC increases and decreases across sensory-motor and association networks, whereas in males, associations were more limited and localized to sensorimotor and cerebellar systems. Longitudinally, earlier pubertal timing in females predicted reductions in rsFC at the 2-year follow-up, with no significant associations in males. rsFC differences did not explain the pubertal timing and later depressive symptoms association. CONCLUSIONSPubertal timing is associated with sex-specific patterns of brain functional connectivity during early adolescence, with greater heterogeneity and broader network involvement in females. These findings suggest that pubertal maturation contributes to early reorganization of functional brain networks, although these changes did not explain subsequent depressive symptoms.

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bioRxiv2026

Robust lesion network mapping reveals genuine symptom-specific networks

Lesion network mapping (LNM) and its derivatives successfully integrate anatomically distributed brain loci into common symptom-associated functional networks, however, their statistical validity and specificity have recently become topics of debate. Here, we introduce a null model-based robust LNM (rLNM) framework to perform sensitivity and symptom-specificity testing. Across multiple lesion-based (10 conditions, 333 lesions) and task-based (4 conditions, 706 experiments) datasets, rLNM reveals biologically meaningful and symptom-specific networks while effectively controlling for false positives.

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bioRxiv2026

Parallel processing chains span cytoarchitectures to organize association cortex

Task fMRI1 and electrophysiology2 have revealed distributed, linked cortical patches with shared category preferences (e.g., faces, objects, places)1,3-5, smaller than cytoarchitectonic areas. Resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) similarly showed that somato-cognitive action network (SCAN) nodes interleave with effectors (foot, hand, mouth), subdividing the precentral gyrus6. Here, using multiple precision functional mapping (PFM) modalities (RSFC, task, lags), we discovered that most of association cortex is organized like face processing and SCAN, with small, discrete patches interconnected into chains. Such patch-chains densely tile prefrontal cortex but are largely absent from primary cortex. Cortico-striatal connectivity is organized such that patches of the same chain connect to the same striatal location. Within chains, infra-slow fMRI signals are ordered in time. RSFC-defined chains align with task fMRI localizers (e.g., visual, motor, pain). Chains are absent at birth and emerge in the first year of life, suggesting their formation is at least partially experience-driven. Cytoarchitectonic areas are subdivided by patches, and patches in the same chain are distributed across different cytoarchitectures. Chains represent parallel ordered processing streams that are separated by information domain and behavioral goals, not cytoarchitectonics. Functional subdivision of architectonics into smaller patches, interlinked to form cross-architecture chains, enable greater parallelization and flexible specialization of processing.

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bioRxiv2026

Objective Quality Assessment for Precision Functional MRI Data

Precision functional mapping (PFM) enables individual-level characterization of brain network organization but requires substantially more and higher-quality fMRI data than is standard. Despite its growing use, objective criteria for data sufficiency and quality needed to ensure interpretable and replicable individual-level results remain unclear. Here, we introduce the Network Similarity Index (NSI), an objective measure of the extent to which functional connectivity (FC) patterns in an individual dataset express the large-scale network structure required for PFM. NSI captures the integrity of low-spatial-frequency, coherent network organization and denoising fidelity, and aligns closely with blinded expert assessments of PFM usability. NSI also accounts for variability in the rate at which FC becomes reliable across individuals. Here, we provide an open-source framework for NSI-based data quality evaluation and models for linking NSI values with expert-judged PFM suitability. This framework can also inform expected returns from additional data collection, enabling principled decisions about data sufficiency and replication in precision fMRI research.

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bioRxiv2026

Functional organization underlying superior performance in a memory champion

Memory athletes can achieve superior performance (e.g., memorizing 339 digits in 5 minutes) with extensive daily training, by converting abstract information into vivid scenes, and placing them along a mental path, that is later retraced (Method of Loci). Understanding the brain mechanisms underlying such training-derived mastery would increase our understanding of the brains memory systems and could suggest novel approaches to improving cognition in other domains. As memory athletes use personalized training techniques, it has been challenging to study them with standard group paradigms. Fortunately, precision functional mapping (PFM) enables detailed investigation of individual brains through repeated sampling of resting-state functional connectivity and task fMRI. Here, we precisely mapped the brain organization of a 6-time U.S. Memory Champion (>13 hours fMRI). Relative to controls, the Memory Champions network functional connectivity (FC) was strengthened with the retrosplenial, extrastriate visual, and dorsal frontal cortex (area 55b), as well as with the caudate nucleus. The Memory Champion had modules related to scene and semantic processing not seen in controls, alongside stronger connectivity between the caudate and classical memory networks. During rote memorization, the Champions task fMRI patterns were typical, with the hippocampus active during encoding. This pattern was reversed when he used his Method of Loci technique, with greater hippocampal activity during recall than encoding. Hence, intense practice at converting abstract information into more memorable formats can develop a procedural memory skill that utilizes brain regions typically reserved for navigation, language, social cognition, and associative learning.

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bioRxiv2026

Gliomas preferentially develop within the action-mode network

Gliomas tend to arise in specific brain regions and may integrate into functional circuits, suggesting they could be regulated by brain activity. However, it remains unclear whether glioma growth is related to system-level brain networks. Analyzing neuroimaging data from three datasets including 1,310 patients with cerebral gliomas, we identified and replicated a functionally connected glioma network, which overlaps with the action-mode network (AMN), somatomotor network (SMN), and action-related subcortical regions. Resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) of the AMN successfully predicted the location of glioma occurrence in two independent datasets with complex tumor distributions. Remarkably, no patient had a glioma entirely outside the AMN, and over 89% of patients exhibited gliomas with at least 50% overlap with the network. Moreover, the spatial overlap between glioma location and the AMN demonstrated significant prognostic value in survival analyses, with higher AMN-tumor overlap associated with poorer overall survival. Notably, the acetylcholine transporter, a key player in glioma pathogenesis that drives transcriptional reprogramming, showed an expression pattern overlapping with the AMN. Meta-analytic annotations further linked the glioma network to processes of action initiation, execution, and feedback. These findings indicate that gliomas preferentially arise in circuits involved in action and highlight the central role of the AMN in glioma pathophysiology and growth.

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bioRxiv2025

Patterns of brain-wide associations reflect socioeconomics

Previous brain-wide association studies (BWAS) cross-sectionally linked a specific behavioral trait, most commonly IQ or psychopathology, to variation in brain function or structure. Here, we expanded the focus of BWAS from effect sizes to interpretability and generalizability by mapping 649 variables to brain function and structure. We compared the resultant BWAS maps to other types of brain data to annotate the BWAS patterns. Socioeconomic status (SES) -- not IQ or psychopathology -- showed the strongest associations with both resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) and cortical thickness in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. A principal exposome brain pattern, anchored to sensory and motor cortex, captured 34% of the variance across all BWAS maps. This exposome pattern was strongly correlated with the SES and IQ BWAS maps and non-BWAS maps of sleep (EEG), norepinephrine (PET), and stimulants (drug trial), but not cognitive activation maps (task fMRI). Adjusting for SES, reduced brain-IQ associations by 40%. Brain with IQ associations did not generalize, as they could no longer be detected in subsamples drawn from only higher SES backgrounds, while brain with SES associations remained strong in higher-IQ-only subsamples. These findings reveal SES as the principal axis of population-level brain variation, possibly stemming from the sleep deprivation and heightened stress associated with lower SES, since socioeconomics can only indirectly affect the brain.

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bioRxiv2025

Commonality and Variability in Functional Networks In Young Children Under 5 Years Old

Functional brain networks support human cognition, yet how individualized network architecture emerges in early childhood remains poorly understood. Averaging across participants can obscure age-specific organization and person-to-person differences, particularly in slowly developing association cortices. We developed an age-appropriate functional reference that captured common structure across toddlers without averaging away individual variability, enabling estimation of each childs networks from resting-state fMRI. Across cohorts of 8-60-month-old children, we found individualized network organization--including finer-scale subdivisions and emerging language lateralization--well before age five. Network layouts showed longitudinal stability, with greater consistency in sensory than association regions. Within-network connectivity was stronger and explained age-related variance when networks were defined using individualized rather than group-consensus topography. Left-lateralization of language networks tracked age-normalized verbal ability, linking early functional architecture to emerging cognition. These findings show that behaviorally relevant brain networks arise far earlier than previously recognized, providing a foundation for studying typical development and early biomarkers.

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bioRxiv2025

Volumetric Differences of Thalamic Nuclei are Associated with Post-Trauma Psychopathology

Previous investigations of whole thalamus and thalamic nuclei volumes in post-trauma psychopathology have been sparse, limited in scope, and yielded inconsistent results. To address this, volumetric estimates of whole thalamus and thalamic nuclei were obtained from structural brain MRI scans from 2,058 participants across 20 worldwide sites in the ENIGMA PTSD working group. Thalamic volumes were compared between trauma-exposed participants with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (n=238), major depressive disorder (MDD) (n=184), comorbid PTSD+MDD (n=618), and trauma-exposed control participants (n=1,018). PTSD and MDD symptom severity, PTSD symptom clusters, and childhood trauma were similarly examined for associations with thalamic volume. Participants with PTSD only compared to controls had smaller thalamic nuclei volumes in sensorimotor nuclei, including the parafascicular (Pf), ventral anterior magnocellular (VAmc), medial pulvinar (PuM), and anterior pulvinar (PuA) nuclei of the thalamus. MDD only and comorbid PTSD+MDD participants exhibited smaller mediodorsal thalamus volumes compared to controls. Overall PTSD and MDD symptom severity negatively correlated with the volume of the mediodorsal thalamus. A significant interaction between PTSD and MDD severity was found, such that MDD severity was positively associated with thalamic volume only among individuals with high PTSD severity. Avoidance and hyperarousal symptoms of PTSD were positively associated with thalamic volume, while re- experiencing and negative mood/cognition symptoms were negatively associated with thalamic volume. Childhood physical and emotional abuse were positively and negatively associated with thalamic volume, respectively. Whole thalamus volume and volumes of the sensorimotor and limbic thalamus may play an important role in the development of PTSD and MDD in the aftermath of trauma exposure. The interaction between PTSD and MDD symptoms and contrasting effects across PTSD symptom clusters and types of childhood adversity suggests multiple neurobiological mechanisms are involved in shaping thalamic volume post-trauma.

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bioRxiv2025

Precision functional mapping reveals less inter-individual variability in the child vs. adult human brain

Human brain organization shares a common underlying structure, though recent studies have shown that features of this organization also differ significantly across individual adults. Understanding the developmental pathways that lead to individually unique brains is important for advancing models of cognitive development and neurodevelopmental disorders. Here we use highly personalized precision neuroimaging methods to map brain networks within 12 individual children, ages 8-12 years. We demonstrate fMRI functional connectivity maps that substantially exceed the reliability of traditional techniques, allowing us to measure individual differences after overcoming biases from measurement noise. Children share core functional network topography, with greatest inter-individual variability in association regions, consistent with adult findings. However, children show less between-subject variability than adults, suggesting increasing individual differentiation in brain networks with development. This pediatric precision neuroimaging dataset is publicly available to support future brain development research and provides a high-fidelity foundation for studying individual variation in atypical development.

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bioRxiv2025

Precision Functional Mapping of the Individual Human Brain Near Birth

Cortical areas are a fundamental organizational property of the brain, but their development in humans is not well understood. Key unanswered questions include whether cortical areas are fully established near birth, the extent of individual variation in the arrangement of cortical areas, and whether any such individual variation in cortical area location is greater in later-developing association areas as compared to earlier-developing sensorimotor areas. To address these questions, we used functional MRI to collect precision functional mapping (PFM) data in eight individual neonates (mean 42.7 weeks postmenstrual age) over 2-5 days (mean 77.9 minutes of low motion data per subject [framewise displacement <0.1]). Each subjects dataset was split into two roughly equal halves of data from different days of data collection to measure within-subject reliability and across-subject similarity. Whole-brain patterns of functional connectivity (FC) reached a mean within-subject, across-day reliability of r=0.78 with 41.9 minutes of data. Across subject similarity of whole-brain FC was r=0.62 on average and significantly lower than within-subject similarity (t=5.9, p<0.001). Using established methods to identify transitions in FC across the cortical surface, we identified sets of cortical areas for each individual that were subject-specific and highly reliable across split-halves (mean z=4.4, SD=1.4). The arrangement of cortical areas was thus individually specific across the entire cortical surface, and this individual specificity did not vary as a function of the sensorimotor-association axis. This study establishes the feasibility of neonatal PFM and suggests that cortical area arrangement is individually specific and largely established shortly following birth. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=80 SRC="FIGDIR/small/663543v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (31K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b6c63aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1903235org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d05733org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@10d0770_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG HIGHLIGHTSO_LIIt is feasible to obtain precision functional mapping (PFM) in neonates, acquiring 60+ minutes of fMRI data in individual neonates over multiple days. C_LIO_LINeonatal functional connectivity (FC) measures obtained through PFM are moderately reliable with 40 minutes of data. C_LIO_LIPatterns of neonatal FC across the brain are individually specific. C_LIO_LICortical areas, based on patterns of homogenous FC, can be reliably identified across the entire cortical surface in individual neonates. C_LIO_LIThe arrangement of cortical areas at birth is individually specific across the entire brain. C_LI

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bioRxiv2025

Stimulant medications affect arousal and reward, not attention

Prescription stimulants such as methylphenidate are being used by an increasing portion of the population, primarily children. These potent norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors promote wakefulness, suppress appetite, enhance physical performance, and are purported to increase attentional abilities. Prior functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have yielded conflicting results about the effects of stimulants on the brains attention, action/motor, and salience regions that are difficult to reconcile with their proposed attentional effects. Here, we utilized resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) data from the large Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study to understand the effects of stimulants on brain functional connectivity (FC) in children (n = 11,875; 8-11 years old) using network level analysis (NLA). We validated these brain-wide association study (BWAS) findings in a controlled, precision imaging drug trial (PIDT) with highly-sampled (165-210 minutes) healthy adults receiving high-dose methylphenidate (Ritalin, 40 mg). In both studies, stimulants were associated with altered FC in action and motor regions, matching patterns of norepinephrine transporter expression. Connectivity was also changed in the salience (SAL) and parietal memory networks (PMN), which are important for reward-motivated learning and closely linked to dopamine, but not the brains attention systems (e.g. dorsal attention network, DAN). Stimulant-related differences in FC closely matched the rs-fMRI pattern of getting enough sleep, as well as EEG- and respiration-derived brain maps of arousal. Taking stimulants rescued the effects of sleep deprivation on brain connectivity and school grades. The combined noradrenergic and dopaminergic effects of stimulants may drive brain organization towards a more wakeful and rewarded configuration, explaining improved task effort and persistence without direct effects on attention networks.

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bioRxiv2025

Dense Longitudinal Precision Neuroimaging of Recovery from Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) disrupts white matter tracts essential for cognition and emotion. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can noninvasively measure white matter integrity. However, DTI has been inconsistent in predicting patient recovery from TBI, possibly due to the complex, dynamic, and individual-specific process of post-TBI white matter remodeling. Here, we employed dense longitudinal neuroimaging to track white matter recovery weekly over six months after a TBI within a single patient and a control in a similar age group (21 vs. 24 y.o.). In the patient, but not in the control, DTI metrics precisely tracked parabolic trajectories across time, with early structural alterations continuing for more than 15 weeks before reversing direction. The extent of alteration in each tract was correlated with the time until reversal. These continuous DTI changes also mediated recovery of cognitive and emotional function, suggesting they are not passive markers of damage but dynamic processes underlying functional improvement. Complementary diffusion basis spectrum imaging (DBSI) revealed an initial phase of cellular loss followed by inflammatory remodeling, vascular adaptations, and persistent metabolic activity. Our findings indicate that recovery does not follow predefined phases but rather individualized transition points, which could define optimal windows for rehabilitation. Identifying these inflection points may enable personalized interventions aligned with biologically relevant structural shifts, rather than broad recovery periods.

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bioRxiv2024

Brain functional connectivity, but not neuroanatomy, captures the interrelationship between sex and gender in preadolescents

Understanding sex differences in the adolescent brain is crucial, as these differences are linked to neurological and psychiatric conditions that vary between males and females. Predicting sex from adolescent brain data may offer valuable insights into how these variations shape neurodevelopment. Recently, attention has shifted toward exploring socially-identified gender, distinct from sex assigned at birth, recognizing its additional explanatory power. This study evaluates whether resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) or cortical thickness more effectively predicts sex and sex/gender alignment (the congruence between sex and gender) and investigates their interrelationship in preadolescents. Using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, we employed machine learning to predict both sex (assigned at birth) and sex/gender alignment from rsFC and cortical thickness. rsFC predicted sex with significantly higher accuracy (86%) than cortical thickness (75%) and combining both did not improve the rsFC models accuracy. Brain regions most effective in predicting sex belonged to association (default mode, dorsal attention, and parietal memory) and visual (visual and medial visual) networks. The rsFC sex classifier trained on sex/gender aligned youth was significantly more effective in classifying unseen youth with sex/gender alignment than in classifying unseen youth with sex/gender unalignment. In females, the degree to which their brains rsFC matched a sex profile (female or male), was positively associated with the degree of sex/gender alignment. Lastly, neither rsFC nor cortical thickness predicted sex/gender alignment. These findings highlight rsFCs predictive power in capturing the relationship between sex and gender and the complexity of the interplay between sex, gender, and the brains functional connectivity and neuroanatomy.

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bioRxiv2024

Early Life Neuroimaging: The Generalizability of Cortical Area Parcellations Across Development

The cerebral cortex consists of distinct areas that develop through intrinsic embryonic patterning and postnatal experiences. Accurate parcellation of these areas in neuroimaging studies improves statistical power and cross-study comparability. Given significant brain changes in volume, microstructure, and connectivity during early life, we hypothesized that cortical areas in 1- to 3-year-olds would differ markedly from neonates and increasingly resemble adult patterns as development progresses. Here, we parcellated the cerebral cortex into putative areas using local functional connectivity gradients in 92 toddlers at 2 years old. We demonstrate high reproducibility of these cortical regions across 1- to 3-year-olds in two independent datasets. The area boundaries in 1- to 3-year-olds were more similar to those in adults than those in neonates. While the age-specific group area parcellation better fit the underlying functional connectivity in individuals during the first 3 years, adult area parcellations might still have some utility in developmental studies, especially in children older than 6 years. Additionally, we provide connectivity-based community assignments of the parcels, showing fragmented anterior and posterior components based on the strongest connectivity, yet alignment with adult systems when weaker connectivity was included.

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