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Results for “plant biology”

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bioRxiv2026

Extracellular Vacuole-derived bodies (EVacs) mediate RNA secretion in plants

Extracellular RNAs are found in the plant extracellular space, but how they are exported from cells remains unclear. We found that the plant vacuole is a major source of extracellular RNA and identified a class of large extracellular vacuole-derived bodies, which we termed EVacs, that are key mediators of this transport. EVacs are marked by the vacuolar membrane (tonoplast) proteins {gamma}-TIP and V-ATPase and originate as intravacuolar structures formed by inward folding of the tonoplast, encapsulating intact cytoplasmic material, including both RNAs and proteins. These intravacuolar bodies then escape the vacuole and are subsequently released from the plasma membrane of mesophyll cells into the apoplast. These findings provide a novel mechanism for the unconventional secretion of macromolecules in plants.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2026

Seed Microbiome Transfer Mitigates Intergenerational Dysbiosis, Modulates Plant Defenses and Suppresses Foliar Disease

Antibiotic-induced disruption of plant-associated microbiomes has the potential to alter host health beyond the directly exposed generation, yet whether the effects of dysbiosis are transmitted through the seed microbiome remains unknown. Here, we investigated the intergenerational impacts of streptomycin-induced dysbiosis in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), demonstrated that seed microbiome transfer (SMT) restores progeny microbiome function and disease resistance, and characterized the underlying physiological and genetic mechanisms. Parental streptomycin exposure altered the composition of progeny rhizosphere bacterial communities, reduced expression of defense-associated genes, and increased susceptibility to Xanthomonas perforans. Suppression of immune gene expression was strongly associated with increased disease severity, indicating that parental dysbiosis impaired progeny plants ability to mount effective immune responses. Transfer of the seed microbiome from healthy plant donors partially restored rhizosphere community composition, reduced disease severity and recovered defense gene expression of three genes. Together, our findings demonstrated that antibiotic exposure microbiome disturbance generates intergenerational legacy effects that influence plant immunity and disease susceptibility and seed microbiome transfer can counteract this dysbiosis across generations.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2026

The Anti-Cancer Effects of Selected Indigenous Medicinal Plants of the Arid Bioregion

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Australian Indigenous medicinal plants represent a valuable yet underexplored source of bioactive compounds with potential therapeutic relevance. The Iningai community of Central Queensland has traditionally used native plants to manage conditions associated with inflammation, pain, infection, and general illness. Scientific evaluation of these plants may provide evidence for their customary applications and identify bioactivities relevant to anticancer biodiscovery. Aim of the study: This study evaluated leaf and stem extracts of seven medicinal plants-Pittosporum angustifolium, Alphitonia excelsa, Calytrix microcoma, Geijera parviflora, Melaleuca uncinata, Gossypium australe, and Eucalyptus similis-traditionally used by the Iningai community, focusing on three biological processes relevant to cancer: oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular proliferation. Materials and methods: Antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH radical-scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated THP-1 macrophage-like cells by profiling IFN-, TNF-, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, and IL-23. Antiproliferative activity was assessed using MTT-based viability assays in human and murine liver cancer cell lines (Huh7, Hep3B, Hep-55.1c, and A52). Results: The extracts exhibited distinct biological activity profiles. G. parviflora stem and C. microcoma leaf extracts showed the strongest antioxidant activities, whereas P. angustifolium stem exhibited the weakest radical-scavenging capacity. Cytokine responses were extract-specific, with E. similis leaf extract demonstrating broad and pronounced suppression of multiple LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines. Several extracts produced concentration-dependent reductions in liver cancer cell viability, with P. angustifolium stem exhibiting the most consistent and potent antiproliferative activity across the cell lines tested. Notably, strong antioxidant or anti-inflammatory activity did not necessarily correspond with antiproliferative activity. Conclusion: Australian Indigenous medicinal plant extracts demonstrated distinct antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and antiproliferative activities rather than uniform bioactivity across experimental systems. The divergent activities of G. parviflora, C. microcoma, E. similis, and P. angustifolium highlight the importance of integrated biological screening and support the value of Indigenous knowledge-guided biodiscovery. These plants represent promising sources for further investigation of selective bioactive compounds with potential relevance to anticancer drug discovery.

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2026

Nitrate regulates anchor root development

Nitrogen is a critical nutrient necessary for plant growth and survival. Plasticity in root architecture helps adapt to soil nitrogen levels for optimal nitrogen uptake; the nitrate form of soil nitrogen is a major modulator of root architecture. Although details of nitrate-regulated primary and lateral root growth are known, nitrate-regulated formation of anchor roots, which arise from the collet, is not understood. In this work, we uncover a role for nitrate in the regulation of anchor root formation. We find that cytokinin inhibits anchor root formation with rising nitrate. These cytokinin effects on anchor root formation rely on regulated indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) conversion. These data point toward a mechanism by which nitrate controls a previously underappreciated aspect of nitrate-dependent root architecture driven by anchor roots.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2026

Arabidopsis Acyl-CoA Binding Protein 4, ACBP4, functions in developmentally programmed endoreduplication

Powdery mildew fungi induce localized endoreduplication, a variant of the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated but cells do not divide, in leaf mesophyll cells underlying the fungal feeding structure. Induced endoreduplication occurs concurrent with powdery mildew (PM) spore production and is associated with enhanced metabolic capacity and flux to lipids. The final ploidy of these cells is highly correlated with fungal spores produced and is the consequence of both basal (developmental) ploidy and PM-induced endoreduplication programs. Herein, we find the Arabidopsis lipid trafficking and regulatory protein ACYL-COA BINDING PROTEIN 4 (ACBP4) enhances PM spore production on Arabidopsis leaves. ACBP4 does not limit plant defense but instead supports basal mesophyll cell ploidy, with decreased final ploidy in cells underlying the fungal feeding structure in acbp4 mutants compared to wild-type (WT). Leaf epidermal cell size is decreased and stomatal density is increased in acbp4, consistent with a role for ACBP4 in developmentally programmed endoreduplication. Moreover, hypocotyl elongation in the dark, which is driven by programmed developmental endoreduplication, shows reduced hypocotyl length, cell length and ploidy in acbp4 versus WT. Together, our findings establish a novel means by which a plant ACBP promotes cell metabolism and development, with potential applications to agricultural productivity and quality.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2026

Subcellular carbohydrate compartmentation and organic acid signatures reveal natural variation in cold acclimation of Arabidopsis thaliana

Plant cold acclimation emerges from coordinated adjustments in photosynthesis, primary metabolism, and intracellular carbon allocation. Yet, the regulatory role of subcellular metabolite compartmentation in natural variation of cold acclimation remains insufficiently understood. Here, we investigated four Arabidopsis thaliana accessions grown either individually or in bulk to determine how growth configuration and genotype shape the metabolism of sugars and organic acids during cold exposure. Using non-aqueous fractionation, we quantified plastidial, cytosolic, and vacuolar sugar pools alongside whole-cell carbohydrates, organic acids, enzyme activities, photosynthetic parameters, and stress markers. A neural-network classifier revealed that subcellular sugar distribution together with sugar amounts and organic acids provided the strongest discriminatory power among accessions, surpassing photosynthetic traits and enzyme activities. Our findings demonstrate that natural variation in cold acclimation is strongly determined by genotype-specific subcellular metabolite architectures, and that the cultivation strategy modulates these intracellular signatures. We conclude that subcellular compartmentation of metabolites represents a cellular control layer for natural variation of cold acclimation and resilience in Arabidopsis thaliana.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2026

Euchromatin Peripheral Organization Follows Anterograde Signalling Under Anaesthetic Stress

Anterograde and retrograde signalling establish bidirectional communication between the nucleus and chloroplasts. Retrograde signals from chloroplasts regulate nuclear gene expression while anterograde signals from the nucleus coordinate chloroplast development and maintain cellular homeostasis. How this bidirectional signalling framework extends beyond locus-specific regulation to shape the global spatial organization of nuclear chromatin across tissues remains unclear. Although anaesthesia can alter chromatin organisation, the role of chloroplast dysfunction in these changes remains unclear. Here, we investigate how chloroplast dysfunction and anaesthesia influence euchromatin and heterochromatin organisation in Solanum lycopersicum seedlings across tissues with contrasting photosynthetic competence. Using confocal and super-resolution radial fluctuation (SRRF) imaging with quantitative multiparameter analysis, we identify distinct, tissue-specific chromatin responses to chloroplast disruption and anaesthesia. Notably, anaesthesia induces distinct spatial chromatin changes across tissues that are independent of chloroplast dysfunction, suggesting a direct nuclear response to anaesthesia rather than a chloroplast-mediated retrograde effect. These findings highlight chromatin topology as a potential quantitative biomarker of cellular disruption and provide a framework for investigating anterograde chloroplast-nucleus coordination and stress-responsive nuclear organisation in plants.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2026

Three new species of Thelymitra (Diurideae, Orchidaceae) endemic to Aotearoa New Zealand.

Three new species of sun orchid (Thelymitra) endemic to Aotearoa New Zealand are here described. These are T. palustris, T. scabrifolia and T. semaphora. The morphological distinctiveness of these three species has been acknowledged for decades; however, their taxonomic status has remained unresolved. Evidence from existing karyological data, recently generated DNA sequence data (LFY and ycf1) and morphological studies from historical and fresh collections are used here to support their formal description. Both, T. palustris and T. semaphora are restricted to wet habitats north of Auckland (North Island). Thelymitra scabrifolia inhabits mostly scrub, and it has a similar northern North Island distribution, but is has been found also in Manawat[a]whi / Three Kings Islands and historically in Otago (South Island). All three species are polyploids and are of conservation concern.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2026

Rate of meristem initiation driven by the MADS-WUS axis contributes to floral survival and inflorescence evolution in grasses

Crop domestication has repeatedly shaped inflorescence architecture to improve floral production, but mechanisms coordinating the rate of floral initiation, maturation and survival remain unclear. Combining morphometry, modelling and molecular genetic analyses, we show that floral production in the indeterminate barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) inflorescence follows an "initiate fast-die young" strategy orchestrated by a main MADS-box gene, SPIKELET INITIATION AND FERTILITY (SIF). SIF accomplishes this duality by coordinately terminating the inflorescence meristem via WUSCHEL and activating the floral meristem via APETALA1 (Vrn-H1). Hereby, the ancestral SIF "slow" allele promotes a timely commitment to floral maturation, whereas the derived "fast" allele permits more floral initiations. Postdomestication selection of SIF alleles thus enables diversified reproductive strategies in barley populations to maintain yield traits in the field. Finally, we show that a lineage-specific SIF duplication contributed to meristem fate transition and inflorescence evolution during Triticeae cold adaptation. Our results establish developmental rate as a key driver of architectural innovation and reproductive success.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2026

DIFFERENTIAL PHOTOSYNTHETIC RESPONSES TO GLUFOSINATE AMMONIUM IN TWO GRASS WEEDS: Lolium multiflorum AND Echinochloa crus-galli.

Background: Weed control is one of the main challenges in agriculture today, particularly due to the increasing occurrence of herbicide-resistant populations. Among the most problematic species are Lolium multiflorum (L.) and Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv., for which glyphosate-resistant populations have been reported. In this context, glufosinate ammonium has emerged as an alternative for their control; however, its efficacy may vary depending on species and photosynthetic metabolism. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the differential sensitivity of ryegrass (C3) and barnyardgrass (C4) to ammonium glufosinate by analyzing physiological responses associated with leaf senescence and photosystem II activity. Methods: Visual injury, chlorophyll fluorescence, and ammonium accumulation were assessed. Results: Results revealed a differential response between species. Barnyardgrass exhibited earlier symptom onset and a greater reduction in the quantum yield of photosystem II ({Phi}PSII), whereas ryegrass showed a slower senescence process. These differences indicate a higher sensitivity of barnyardgrass to glufosinate ammonium, possibly associated with its C4 photosynthetic metabolism. Conclusions: It is concluded that the effectiveness of glufosinate ammonium depends on the type of photosynthetic metabolism and on the ability of each species to cope with herbicide-induced oxidative stress. This information contributes to optimizing glufosinate ammonium use and to the development of management strategies aimed at delaying the evolution of herbicide resistance.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2026

A century of soybean breeding increased photosynthetic capacity but not NPQ relaxation

Accelerating photoprotective regulation to improve carbon assimilation is a promising strategy to increase crop productivity. Although rapid non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) relaxation has been validated as a target through metabolic engineering, it remains unclear whether conventional breeding has improved this trait. Here, we investigated whether more than a century of soybean breeding enhanced NPQ relaxation alongside light-saturated carbon assimilation and seed traits. We evaluated a historical panel of 24 soybean genotypes across vegetative and reproductive developmental stages by integrating NPQ relaxation, gas exchange parameters, xanthophyll-cycle pigment profiles, expression of key photoprotective genes (VDE, PsbS, and ZEP), seed number and seed weight. NPQ relaxation parameters were not consistently associated with genotype release year, seed number, or seed weight at either developmental stage. The only exception was the amplitude of the rapidly relaxing NPQ component (AqE), which was negatively correlated with all three variables during the reproductive stage. In contrast, genotype release year was positively associated with maximum net CO2 assimilation rate (Amax), maximum carboxylation rate of Rubisco (Vcmax), maximum electron transport rate (Jmax), seed number, and seed weight, while Amax and Vcmax were positively correlated with seed number and seed weight. These findings indicate that the greater photosynthetic capacity of modern genotypes was not accompanied by faster photoprotective response. Thus, photoprotective regulation has not kept pace with gains in photosynthetic capacity under field conditions. We conclude that rapid NPQ relaxation remains an important target for synchronizing photoprotection with the high photosynthetic capacity of modern soybean lines.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2026

Breeding cassava for intercropping with cowpea: monoculture selection captures most intercrop selection gain, but targeted testing remains necessary

Intercropping dominates smallholder cassava production in sub-Saharan Africa, yet cassava breeding programs evaluate genotypes exclusively under monoculture. Despite consistently reported system-level yield advantages, cassava yield is reduced by 17 to 51% under intercropping, indicating a need to reduce this competitive disadvantage through breeding. However, the quantitative-genetic foundations of intercrop breeding remain uncharacterized for tropical root crop systems. We hypothesized that monoculture selection would capture most, but not all, genetic merit for intercropping and that a limited tester set would be sufficient if general mixing ability predominated. We evaluated 120 cassava clones previously selected under monoculture in IITA advanced yield trials, testing them under monoculture and in intercrop with two contrasting cowpea varieties across two years at Ibadan, Nigeria. Spatial mixed models quantified genetic variation, genotype by cropping system interaction, cross system genetic relationships, realized selection gain, mixing ability, tester effects, and land equivalent ratio. Intercropping reduced cassava fresh root yield by 19%, but total land equivalent ratios exceeded 1.0 for all clones, confirming a system-level land use advantage. Cassava performance under intercropping was heritable, with estimates of 0.50 to 0.75, and genotype by cropping system interaction was not significant. Genetic correlations between monoculture and intercrop performance were high and approached unity (rg = 0.92 to 0.99), and selection efficiency was 26 to 44% at 10% intensity, confirming that high genetic correlation does not guarantee effective indirect selection. Monoculture selection captured approximately two-thirds of direct intercrop gain. General mixing ability dominated, specific mixing ability was negligible, and producer effects explained 20 to 47% of intercrop variance. The two architecturally and phenologically contrasting cowpea varieties had limited influence on cassava rankings. Here, we show for the first time that cassava breeding for intercropping can retain monoculture selection during early stages while adding two representative cowpea testers at the advanced trial stage. This staged strategy aligns cassava breeding with diversified smallholder systems without creating a separate pipeline.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2026

PhageTAILor leverages machine learning for phage tail-like elements detection and classification in plant-associated bacteria

Phage tail-like elements (PTEs) -- tailocins, bacterial type VI secretion systems (T6SS), and extracellular contractile injection systems (eCIS) -- are contractile nanomachines that bacteria use to kill their neighbors and compete within their micro-ecosystems. PTEs help shape microbial community composition. Most PTE detection tools only detect a single PTE class. Moreover, most tailocin detection methods are largely restricted to Pseudomonas, leaving a key part of tailocin diversity uncharacterized. In this work, we present PhageTAILor (https://github.com/hjcho-bio/PhageTAILor), an integrative and fully automated pipeline that detects and classifies prophages and 3 PTE classes from bacterial genomes. PhageTAILor combines a 6-detector homology-based candidate search (geNomad, tail-gene, PHROGs-tail, SecReT6, eCIStem, and a divergence-tolerant tail-HMM detector) with a LightGBM classifier comprising 1 multiclass and 3 binary heads, trained on 6,501 bacterial genomes carrying 13,082 prophages and PTEs. A phylogeny-free feature matrix used in our model keeps predictions reproducible between model construction and user inference. PhageTAILor performs strongly at the genome level and generalizes beyond its Pseudomonas-rich training set. On a 76-strain cross-clade benchmark, PhageTAILor detected tailocins at F1 = 0.955. Furthermore, it identified 12 of 13 experimentally validated tailocins spanning five genera versus 2 of 13 for a Pseudomonas-restricted tool TattleTail. PhageTAILor also demonstrated sensitivity equivalent to viral detection tool geNomad while avoiding its higher false-positive rate. Applied to 7,925 plant- and soil-associated bacterial isolates, PhageTAILor showed that prophages in the phyllosphere and tailocins in plant-associated bacteria, whereas eCIS are enriched in soil. PhageTAILor is distributed as an open-source, modular pipeline with a command-line interface.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2026

Phylogeny and Species Delimitation in Isoxylosteum, a Lonicera Clade Endemic to the Himalayan-Tibetan-Hengduan Region

The Himalayan-Tibetan-Hengduan (HTH) region is the richest biodiversity hotspot for high-elevation plants. However, owing to its remote and physically challenging topography as well as the trans-national nature of the region, many taxonomic problems in the area remain unresolved, particularly in the Himalaya. This, in turn, has impeded our understanding of the assembly of its extraordinary high-elevation flora. Here, we resolve phylogenetic relationships and delimit species in a distinctive clade of honeysuckles that is endemic to the HTH, the Isoxylosteum clade of Lonicera, using restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) and morphological data. Five species complexes of Isoxylosteum have standardly been recognized. Three of these complexes are highly variable and have been divided into several varieties or species each. Phylogenetic, population structure, and morphological analyses of leaf and floral traits from samples collected across the range of the clade support the recognition of five species, including a species that has most often been recognized as a variety of L. rupicola (L. rupicola var. minuta). Instead, we find that it is sister to L. spinosa. This is surprising because the geographic range of L. minuta is contiguous with the other varieties of L. rupicola in the northern Hengduan region but widely separated from L. spinosa whose range lies mainly to the west of the Tibetan plateau. On close examination we find that several morphological and ecological traits also support a closer relation of L. minuta to L. spinosa. None of the other eight previously recognized varieties and species were supported. Floral traits showed high discriminatory power, correctly classifying 89% of samples to species. By comparison, leaf dimensions classified species with 59% accuracy. Our results identify diagnostic morphological apomorphies for each recognized species and major clade and provide a revised taxonomic framework for Isoxylosteum.

evolutionary biology↗

bioRxiv2026

XpBrew and PanXpresso - automatic RNA-seq processing workflow and comprehensive collection of gene expression data

Rapid developments in sequencing technologies have reduced the costs of transcriptomic experiments and resulted in a plethora of publicly available RNA-seq datasets. This is a valuable resource that can be harnessed to obtain novel biological insights through data upcycling. In this wake, we introduce XpBrew, an end-to-end Python workflow that was applied to generate PanXpresso, a comprehensive collection of gene expression datasets covering the taxonomic breadth of plants, animals, fungi, bacteria and archaea. XpBrew (https://github.com/PuckerLab/XpBrew) and PanXpresso (https://doi.org/10.60507/FK2/OBIGQH) are freely available.

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2026

A reproducibility-audit framework for generalizable versus dataset-specific molecular transition boundaries in Alzheimer's disease

Molecular staging of Alzheimer's disease (AD) increasingly defines transition boundaries along single-cell pseudo-progression trajectories, yet whether such boundaries reproduce across brain regions, cohorts and molecular modalities is rarely tested. We present a permutation-controlled audit that combines nine boundary-detection algorithms with a fixed marker panel and four orthogonal reproducibility axes-algorithmic consensus, region, cohort and modality. On synthetic data with planted ground-truth boundaries the audit reaches 100% sensitivity and 94% specificity, rejecting four distinct artefact classes each by a different axis. Applied to the Seattle Alzheimer's Disease Brain Cell Atlas middle temporal gyrus, it localizes a transition that is robust across algorithms and recovered in most cell types but does not generalize: its leading marker is attenuated or absent in prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and cerebrospinal fluid, and an apparent cross-region conservation of glial metabolic genes proves to be a global-expression offset rather than a shared program. The same audit nonetheless certifies an externally validated marker (astrocytic PTGDS) as reproducible across regions and modalities, showing that it separates generalizable anchors from dataset-specific ones rather than rejecting all signals. We provide this four-axis audit as a transferable, code-available standard to apply before a trajectory boundary is read as a biological stage, in AD and other progressive proteinopathies.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2026

Hidden drivers of restoration: Persistent divergence in soil microbiome functional capacity post-habitat reconstruction

Ecosystems today are facing unprecedented environmental stress, leading to large-scale losses of habitat and ecosystem services. To address this, reconstructive efforts aim to restore habitat features and their natural complexity, biodiversity, and function. However, many reconstructive efforts fail to consider microbial communities, even though they play key roles in decomposition, nutrient cycling, and plant and animal health. Here, we use shotgun metagenomic sequencing to compare the structure and functional capacity of soil microbial communities from natural Everglades tree islands and islands constructed within a landscape-scale experimental Everglades restoration effort, followed by a manipulative greenhouse experiment to link tree sapling traits with microbiome functional genetic divergence. We found that constructed and natural island microbiomes exhibited strong, robust, and persistent divergence in both taxonomic and functional composition, with natural island microbial communities having greater functional genetic diversity and redundancy. Furthermore, we identified enrichment in functional pathways in constructed island microbiomes such as those involved in pollutant degradation that may reflect continued disturbance leading to shifts in microbiome functional profiles. Despite their capacity for functions such as nitrogen cycling we found to be important for supporting sapling growth, constructed island microbiomes displayed reduced functional genetic diversity and redundancy and were enriched in pathways associated with environmental disturbance, suggesting a potentially diminished capacity for long-term resilience. Overall, our assessment of soil microbial communities in reconstructed and natural habitats emphasizes how reconstructive restoration can impact microbial functional repertoires and highlights the importance of these hidden players in management and restoration of ecosystem health.

ecology↗

bioRxiv2026

Genetic legacy in soil seedbanks after grassland conversion to plantation forests: evidence from Potentilla freyniana

Semi-natural grasslands are important ecosystems supporting biodiversity in Japan, but their area has declined rapidly due to land-use change and abandonment of traditional management practices such as mowing and burning. Although the conservation of genetic diversity is essential for the long-term persistence of grassland plants, little is known about the genetic diversity retained in soil seedbanks following conversion of grasslands to plantation forests. In this study, we compared the genetic diversity and population structure of above-ground and soil seedbank populations of the grassland perennial forb Potentilla freyniana across three sites in each of three land-use types: burned grasslands, deciduous plantation forests, and evergreen plantation forests (plantation ages approximately 21-62 years) on the Kaida Plateau, central Japan. Soil seedbank populations were obtained from soil samples through germination experiments, and genetic analyses were conducted using newly developed simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Genetic diversity was assessed using expected heterozygosity, allelic richness, and private allelic richness, population structure was evaluated using analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), STRUCTURE analyses, and pairwise FST. Soil seedbank populations maintained levels of genetic diversity comparable to those of above-ground populations, and no significant differences were detected between the two population types. Furthermore, soil seedbank populations in evergreen plantation forests, where above-ground individuals of P. freyniana were absent, retained genetic diversity comparable to that observed in burned grasslands. AMOVA detected no significant genetic differentiation between above-ground and soil seedbank populations. These results suggest that high levels of genetic diversity can persist in soil seedbank populations for decades after forest establishment and highlight the potential importance of soil seedbanks as genetic resources for grassland restoration.

ecology↗