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Results for “Synthetic Biology”

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bioRxiv2017

An orthogonal and pH-tunable sensor-selector for muconic acid biosynthesis in yeast

Microbes offer enormous potential for production of industrially relevant chemicals and therapeutics, yet the rapid identification of high-producing microbes from large genetic libraries is a major bottleneck in modern cell factory development. Here, we develop and apply a synthetic selection system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that couples the concentration of muconic acid, a plastic precursor, to cell fitness by using the prokaryotic transcriptional regulator BenM driving an antibiotic resistance gene. We show the sensor-selector does not affect production, and find that tuning pH of the cultivation medium limits the rise of non-producing cheaters. We apply the sensor-selector to selectively enrich for best-producing variants out of a large library of muconic acid production strains, and identify an isolate that produced more than 2 g/L muconic acid in a bioreactor. We expect that this sensor-selector can aid the development of other synthetic selection systems based on allosteric transcription factors.

synthetic biology↗

bioRxiv2017

Clustering enzymes using E.coli inner cell membrane as scaffold in metabolic pathway

Clustering enzymes in the same metabolism pathway is a natural strategy to enhance the productivity. Several systems have been designed to artificially cluster desired enzymes in the cell, such as synthetic protein scaffold and nucleic acid scaffold. However, these scaffolds require complicated construction process and have limited slots for target enzymes. Following this direction, we designed a scaffold system based on natural cell membrane. Target enzymes (FabZ, FabG, FabI and TesA in fatty acid synthesis II pathway) are anchored on the E.coli inner membrane, showing the enhanced metabolism flux without the requirement of the further artificial interactions to force the clustering. Furthermore, anchoring the enzymes on the membrane enhances the products exportation, which further increases the productivity. Together, the proposed system has potential applications in producing valuable biomaterials.

synthetic biology↗

bioRxiv2017

Self-limiting population genetic control with sex-linked genome editors

In male heterogametic species the Y chromosome is transmitted solely from fathers to sons, and is selected for based only on its impacts on male fitness. This fact can be exploited to develop efficient pest control strategies that use Y-linked editors to disrupt the fitness of female descendants. In simple \"strategic\" population models we show that Y-linked editors can be substantially more efficient than other self-limiting strategies and, while not as efficient as gene drive approaches, are expected to have less impact on non-target populations with which there is some gene flow. Efficiency can be further augmented by simultaneously releasing an autosomal X-shredder construct, in either the same or different males. Y-linked editors may be attractive option to consider when efficient control of a species is desired in some locales but not others.

synthetic biology↗

bioRxiv2018

Prokaryotic nanocompartments form synthetic organelles in a eukaryote

Compartmentalization of proteins into organelles is a promising strategy for enhancing the productivity of engineered eukaryotic organisms. However, approaches that co-opt endogenous organelles may be limited by the potential for unwanted crosstalk and disruption of native metabolic functions. Here, we present the construction of synthetic non-endogenous organelles in the eukaryotic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, based on the prokaryotic family of self-assembling proteins known as encapsulins. We establish that encapsulins self-assemble to form nanoscale compartments in yeast, and that heterologous proteins can be selectively targeted for compartmentalization. Housing destabilized proteins within encapsulin compartments affords protection against proteolytic degradation in vivo, while the interaction between split protein components is enhanced upon co-localization within the compartment interior. Furthermore, encapsulin compartments can support enzymatic catalysis, with substrate turnover observed for an encapsulated yeast enzyme. Encapsulin compartments therefore represent a modular platform, orthogonal to existing organelles, for programming synthetic compartmentalization in eukaryotes.

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bioRxiv2018

Exploring protein orthogonality in immune space: a case study with AAV and Cas9 orthologs

A major hurdle in protein-based therapeutics is the interaction with the adaptive immune system, which can lead to neutralization by circulating antibodies and clearance of treated cells by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. One method of circumventing these issues is to use human or humanized proteins which avoid the immune response by self-recognition. However, this approach limits potential protein therapeutics to those of human origin, excluding many exciting effectors and delivery vehicles such as CRISPR-Cas9 and adeno-associated viruses (AAVs). To address this issue, we propose here the sequential use of orthologous proteins whose function is constrained by natural selection, but whose structure is subject to diversification by genetic drift. This would, in principle, allow for repeated treatments by immune orthogonal orthologs without reduced efficacy due to lack of immune cross-reactivity among the proteins. To explore and validate this concept we chose 91 Type II CRISPR-Cas9 orthologs and 167 AAV capsid protein orthologs, and developed a pipeline to compare total sequence similarity as well as predicted binding to class I and class II Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) proteins. Interestingly, MHC binding predictions revealed wide diversity among the set of Cas9 orthologs, with 83% of pairs predicted to have non cross-reacting immune responses, while no global immune orthogonality among AAV serotypes was observed. To confirm these findings we selected two Cas9 orthologs, from S. pyogenes and S. aureus, predicted to be orthogonal in immune space, and delivered them into mice via multiple AAV serotypes. We observed cross-reacting antibodies against AAV but not Cas9 orthologs in sera from immunized mice, validating the computationally predicted immune orthogonality among these proteins. Moving forward, we anticipate this framework can be applied to prescribe sequential regimens of immune orthogonal protein therapeutics to circumvent pre-existing or induced immunity, and eventually, to rationally engineer immune orthogonality among protein orthologs.

synthetic biology↗

bioRxiv2018

Loop Assembly: a simple and open system for recursive fabrication of DNA circuits

High efficiency methods for DNA assembly are based on sequence overlap between fragments or Type IIS restriction endonuclease cleavage and ligation. These have enabled routine assembly of synthetic DNAs of increased size and complexity. However, these techniques require customisation, elaborate vector sets and serial manipulations for the different stages of assembly. We present Loop assembly, based on a recursive approach to DNA fabrication. Alternate use of two Type IIS restriction endonucleases and corresponding vector sets allows efficient and parallel assembly of large DNA circuits. Plasmids containing standard Level 0 parts can be assembled into circuits containing 1, 4, 16 or more genes by looping between the two vector sets. The vectors also contain modular sites for hybrid assembly using sequence overlap methods. Loop assembly provides a simple generalised solution for DNA construction with standardised parts. The cloning system is provided under an OpenMTA license for unrestricted sharing and open access.

synthetic biology↗

bioRxiv2018

Microfluidic device for on-chip mixing and encapsulation of lysates

Emulsion drops are often employed as picoliter-sized containers to perform screening assays. These assays usually entail the formation of drops encompassing discrete objects such as cells or microparticles and reagents to study interactions between the different encapsulants. Drops are also used to screen influences of reagent concentrations on the final product. However, these latter assays are less frequently performed because it is difficult to change the reagent concentration over a wide range with high precision within a single experiment. In this paper, we present a microfluidic double emulsion drop maker containing pneumatic valves that enable injection of different reagents using pulsed width modulation and subsequent mixing. This device can produce drops from reagent volumes as low as 10 l with minimal sample loss, thereby enabling experiments that would be prohibitively expensive using droplet generators that do not contain valves. We employ this device to monitor the kinetics of cell free synthesis of green fluorescent proteins inside double emulsions. To demonstrate the potential of this device, we perform DNA titration experiments in double emulsion drops to test the influence of the DNA concentration on the amount of green fluorescence proteins produced.

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bioRxiv2018

Anomalous Scaling of Gene Expression in Confined Cell-Free Reactions

Cellular surface breaks the symmetry of molecular diffusion across membrane. Here, we study how steric interactions between the surface and the bulk of cell-sized emulsion droplets alters gene expression emulated by a cell-free transcription/translation (TXTL) system. The concentration of synthesized reporter proteins in droplets of radius R shows an anomalous geometric scaling of R4 different from the expected normal size-dependence of R3. Given that TXTL becomes less efficient at thin surface layer, a mathematical model explains anomalous size-dependence found in experiment. The surface of cell-sized compartment thus plays a regulatory role for cell-free gene expression.

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bioRxiv2018

Feasibility of clinician-facilitated 3D printing of synthetic cranioplasty flaps

Objectives3D scanning and stereolithographic printing technology becoming increasingly common, however its implementation into clinical practice is in its primacy. These technologies may be esoteric to the practicing neurosurgeon. We explored a range of 3D scanning and stereolithographic techniques to create patient-specific synthetic implants.\n\nMethodsWe simulated bilateral craniectomies from a single cadaveric specimen to create 3 methods of creating stereolithographically-viable virtual models. Firstly, we used pre-and-post operative CT derived bony windows to create a virtual skull model, from which the flap was extracted. Secondly, we used an entry-level 3D light-scanner to scan and render models of the individual bone pieces. Thirdly, we used an arm-mounted, 3D laser-scanner to create virtual models using a real-time approach.\n\nResultsFlaps were printed from the CT scanner and laser scanner models only, in a UV-cured polymer. The light scanner did not produce suitable virtual models for printing. The CT scanner derived models required extensive post-fabrication modification to fit the existing defects. The laser-scanner models assumed good fit within the defects without any modification.\n\nConclusionsThe methods presented varying levels of complexity in acquisition and model rendering. Each technique required hardware at varying in price points from $0 to [~]$100,000. The laser-scanner models produced the best quality parts which bore near-perfect fit with the original defects. We discuss potential neurosurgical applications of this technology.

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bioRxiv2018

A Chemogenetic Platform for Spatio-temporal Control of β-arrestin Translocation and Signaling at G protein-Coupled Receptors

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=61 SRC=\"FIGDIR/small/251769_ufig1.gif\" ALT=\"Figure 1\">\nView larger version (15K):\norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e4bf96org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@de4937org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@198dd33org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e26f46_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG Although ligand-activated GPCRs induce both G-protein and {beta}-arrestin dependent signaling, gaining precise spatio-temporal control of {beta}-arrestin signaling has proven elusive. Here we describe a platform for specifically activating {beta}-arrestin-dependent signaling in situ. The platform, which we have dubbed \"GA-PAIR\" (GPCR/{beta}-Arrestin -Plant protein and Abscisic acid Induced Recruitment), can be controlled by the inert phytochemical S-(+)-abscisic acid (ABA). ABA induces interaction between ABI1 (ABA Insensitive 1) and PYL1 (Pyrabactin Resistance (PYR) 1-Like), two plant proteins with no mammalian counterparts. We fused ABI to the engineered human muscarinic M3 G protein-coupled receptor (hM3Dq) and PYL1 to {beta}-arrestin2. Addition of ABA induced rapid and nearly complete translocation of the PYL-{beta}-arrestin fusion protein and, importantly, induced both ERK and Akt signaling. Photo-uncaging a new photo-caged ABA analogue allowed us to gain relatively precise spatio-temporal control over {beta}-arrestin translocation. Because GA-PAIR facilitates the exclusive activation of endogenous {beta}-arrestin signaling pathways in the absence of a GPCR ligand or G protein, the GA-PAIR system will facilitate deconvoluting GPCR signaling in situ.

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bioRxiv2018

Modeling the mutation and reversal of engineered underdominance gene drives

A range of gene drive systems have been proposed that are predicted to increase their frequency and that of associated desirable genetic material even if they confer a fitness cost on individuals carrying them. Engineered underdominance (UD) is such a system and, in one version, is based on the introduction of two independently segregating transgenic constructs each carrying a lethal gene, a suppressor for the lethal at the other locus and a desirable genetic \"cargo\". Under this system individuals carrying at least one copy of each construct (or no copies of either) are viable whilst those that possess just one of the transgenic constructs are non-viable. Previous theoretical work has explored various properties of these systems, concluding that they should persist indefinitely in absence of resistance or mutation. Here we study a population genetics model of UD gene drive that relaxes past assumptions by allowing for loss-of-function mutations in each introduced gene. We demonstrate that mutations are likely to cause UD systems to break down, eventually resulting in the elimination of introduced transgenes. We then go on to investigate the potential of releasing \"free suppressor\" carrying individuals as a new method for reversing UD gene drives and compare this to the release of wild-types; the only previously proposed reversal strategy for UD. This reveals that while free suppressor carrying individuals may represent an inexpensive reversal strategy due to extremely small release requirements, they are not able to return a fully wild-type population as rapidly as the release of wild-types.

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bioRxiv2018

Rationally-engineered reproductive barriers using CRISPR & CRISPRa: an evaluation of the synthetic species concept in Drosophila melanogaster

The ability to erect rationally-engineered reproductive barriers in animal or plant species promises to enable a number of biotechnological applications such as the creation of genetic firewalls, the containment of gene drives or novel population replacement and suppression strategies for genetic control. However, to date no experimental data exist that explores this concept in a multicellular organism. Here we examine the requirements for building artificial reproductive barriers in the metazoan model Drosophila melanogaster by combining CRISPR-based genome editing and transcriptional transactivation (CRISPRa) of the same loci. We directed 13 single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) to the promoters of 7 evolutionary conserved genes and used 11 drivers to conduct a miss-activation screen. We identify dominant-lethal activators of the eve locus and find that they disrupt development by strongly activating eve outside its native spatio-temporal context. We employ the same set of sgRNAs to isolate, by genome editing, protective INDELs that render these loci resistant to transactivation without interfering with target gene function. When these sets of genetic components are combined we find that complete synthetic lethality, a prerequisite for most applications, is achievable using this approach. However, our results suggest a steep trade-off between the level and scope of dCas9 expression, the degree of genetic isolation achievable and the resulting impact on fly fitness. The genetic engineering strategy we present here allows the creation of single or multiple reproductive barriers and could be applied to other multicellular organisms such as disease vectors or transgenic organisms of economic importance.

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bioRxiv2018

Mammalian Cells Engineered to Produce Novel Steroids

Steroids can be difficult to modify via traditional organic synthesis methods, but many enzymes regio- and stereo-selectively process a wide variety of steroid substrates. We tested whether steroid-modifying enzymes could make novel steroids from non-native substrates. Numerous genes encoding steroid-modifying enzymes, including some bacterial enzymes, were expressed in mammalian cells by transient transfection and found to be active. We made three unusual steroids by expression in HEK293 cells of the 7-hydroxylase CYP7B1, which was selected because of high native product yield. These cells made 7,17-dihydroxypregnenolone and 7{beta},17-dihydroxypregnenolone from 17-hydroxypregnenolone, and produced 11,16-dihydroxyprogesterone from 16-hydroxyprogesterone. The latter two products resulted from previously unobserved CYP7B1 hydroxylation sites. A Rosetta docking model of CYP7B1 suggested that these substrates D-ring hydroxylations may prevent them from binding in the same way as the native substrate, bringing different carbons near the active ferryl oxygen. This new approach could use other enzymes and substrates to produce many novel steroids for drug candidate testing.

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bioRxiv2018

Highly efficient CRISPR gene editing in yeast enabled by double selection

CRISPR-Cas9 loss of function (LOF) and base editing screens are powerful tools in genetics and genomics. Yeast is one of the main models in genetics and genomics, yet large-scale approaches remain to be developed in this species because of low mutagenesis rates without donor DNA. We developed a double selection strategy based on co-selection that increases LOF mutation rates, both for CRISPR-Cas9 and the Target-AID base editor. We constructed the pDYSCKO vector, which is amenable to high throughput double selection for both approaches. Using modeling, we show that this improvement provides the required increased in detection power to measure the fitness effects of thousands of mutations in typical yeast pooled screens. We also show that multiplex genome editing with Cas9 causes programmable chromosomal translocations at high frequency, suggesting that multiplex editing should be performed with caution and that base-editors could be preferable tools for LOF screens.

synthetic biology↗

bioRxiv2018

Triggering the expression of a silent gene cluster from genetically intractable bacteria results in scleric acid discovery

Herein we report a strategy for the rapid and rational characterisation of novel microbial natural products from silent gene clusters. A conserved set of five regulatory genes was used as a query to search genomic databases and identify atypical biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). A 20-kb BGC from the genetically intractable Streptomyces sclerotialus bacterial strain was captured using yeast-based homologous recombination and introduced into validated heterologous hosts. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing was then employed to rationally inactivate the key transcriptional repressor and trigger production of an unprecedented class of hybrid natural products exemplified by (2-(benzoyloxy)acetyl)-L-proline, named scleric acid. Subsequent rounds of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene deletions afforded a selection of biosynthetic gene mutant strains which led to a plausible biosynthetic pathway for scleric acid assembly. Scleric acid and a key biosynthetic intermediate were also synthesised and used as authentic standards. The assembly of scleric acid involves two unique enzymatic condensation reactions that respectively link a proline and a benzoyl residue to each end of a rare hydroxyethyl-ACP intermediate. Scleric acid was then shown to exhibit moderate activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as well as modest inhibition of the cancer-associated metabolic enzyme Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT).

synthetic biology↗

bioRxiv2018

A Model for Resource Competition in CRISPR-Mediated Gene Repression

CRISPR-mediated gene regulation is known for its ability to control multiple targets simultaneously due to its modular nature: the same dCas9 effector can target different genes simply by changing the associated gRNA. However, multiplexing requires the sharing of limited amounts of dCas9 proteins among multiple gRNAs, leading to resource competition. In turn, competition between gRNAs for the same resource may hamper network function. In this work, we develop a general model that takes into account the sharing of a limited amount of dCas9 protein for arbitrary CRISPR-mediated gene repression networks. We demonstrate that, as a result of resource competition, hidden interactions appear, that modify the intended network regulations. As a case study, we analyze the effects of these hidden interactions in repression cascades. In particular, we illustrate that perfect adaptation to resource fluctuations can be achieved in cascades with an even number of repressors. In contrast, cascades with an odd number of repressors are substantially impacted by resource competition.

synthetic biology↗

bioRxiv2018

Refactoring the upper sugar metabolism of Pseudomonas putida for co-utilization of disaccharides, pentoses, and hexoses

Given its capacity to tolerate stress, NAD(P)H/ NAD(P) balance, and increased ATP levels, the platform strain Pseudomonas putida EM42, a genome-edited derivative of the soil bacterium P. putida KT2440, can efficiently host a suite of harsh reactions of biotechnological interest. Because of the lifestyle of the original isolate, however, the nutritional repertoire of P. putida EM42 is centered largely on organic acids, aromatic compounds and some hexoses (glucose and fructose). To enlarge the biochemical network of P. putida EM42 to include disaccharides and pentoses, we implanted heterologous genetic modules for D-cellobiose and D-xylose metabolism into the enzymatic complement of this strain. Cellobiose was actively transported into the cells through the ABC complex formed by native proteins PP1015-PP1018. The knocked-in {beta}-glucosidase BglC from Thermobifida fusca catalyzed intracellular cleavage of the disaccharide to D-glucose, which was then channelled to the default central metabolism. Xylose oxidation to the dead end product D-xylonate was prevented by by deleting the gcd gene that encodes the broad substrate range quinone-dependent glucose dehydrogenase. Intracellular intake was then engineered by expressing the Escherichia coli proton-coupled symporter XylE. The sugar was further metabolized by the products of E. coli xylA (xylose isomerase) and xylB (xylulokinase) towards the pentose phosphate pathway. The resulting P. putida strain co-utilized xylose with glucose or cellobiose to complete depletion of the sugars. These results not only show the broadening of the metabolic capacity of a soil bacterium towards new substrates, but also promote P. putida EM42 as a platform for plug-in of new biochemical pathways for utilization and valorization of carbohydrate mixtures from lignocellulose processing.

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bioRxiv2018

Implementation of CRISPR-Cas13a system in fission yeast and its repurposing for precise RNA editing

In contrast to genome editing that introduces genetic changes at DNA level, disrupting or editing genes transcripts provides a distinctive approach to perturb a genetic system, offering benefits complementary to classic genetic approaches. To develop a new toolset for manipulation of RNA, we first implemented a member of type VI CRISPR systems, Cas13a from Leptotrichia shahii (LshCas13a) in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, an important model organism employed by biologists to study key cellular mechanisms conserved from yeast to humans. While it was shown to knock down targeted endogenous genes transcripts, differently from previous studies in E. coli, no collateral cleavage of other non-specific RNA by activated Cas13a-crRNA complex was detected in fission yeast. Second, we engineered a RNA-editing system by tethering an inactive form of LshCas13a (dCas13) to the catalytic domain of human Adenosine Deaminase Act on RNA 2 (hADAR2d), which was shown to be programmable with crRNA to target messenger RNAs and precisely edit specific nucleotide residues. We optimized the system parameters using a dual-florescence reporter and demonstrated its utility in editing of randomly selected endogenous genes transcripts. Our engineered RNA-editing system enables a new toolset for transcriptomic manipulation that is widely applicable in basic genetic and biotechnological research.

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