A synthetic phageome reveals widespread and diverse human antibody responses to bacteriophages

Gembara, K.; Harhala, M.; Miernikiewicz, P.; Kazmierczak, Z.; Bollyky, P.; Konieczny, A.; Wilczak, A.; Rybicka, I.; Tynecki, P.; Rozycka, M.; Jedruchniewicz, N.; Klak, M.; Nelson, D. C.; Witkiewicz, W.; Dabrowska, K.

doi:10.64898/2026.10.29.762592

bioRxiv · 10.64898/2026.10.29.762592

A synthetic phageome reveals widespread and diverse human antibody responses to bacteriophages

Gembara, K.·Harhala, M.·Miernikiewicz, P.·Kazmierczak, Z.·Bollyky, P.·Konieczny, A.·Wilczak, A.·Rybicka, I.·Tynecki, P.·Rozycka, M.·Jedruchniewicz, N.·Klak, M.·Nelson, D. C.·Witkiewicz, W.·Dabrowska, K.

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Abstract

Bacteriophages colonize humans, yet their recognition by humoral immunity remains unclear. We developed PhageScan, a PhIP- Seq platform comprising 277,051 phage and 49,630 human viral oligopeptides. Profiling sera from 192 healthy donors without prior phage therapy characterized anti-phage response specificity and revealed widespread, strong IgG reactivity to phages, comparable in prevalence and magnitude to that against human viruses. Recognition patterns were however highly individualized. Among phage sequences, 12,576 peptides were significantly enriched in at least two individuals. Strongly immunogenic epitopes preferentially originated from phages infecting pathogenic bacteria, whereas widely shared ''public'' epitopes were enriched among phages of environmental and food-associated bacteria. ImmE, a lactococcal phage endolysin recognized in 59.9% of individuals, showed reduced antibacterial activity in the presence of sera identified as ImmE-reactive by PhageScan, demonstrating functional relevance. These findings establish phage-directed antibodies as a widespread component of human immunity and PhageScan as a scalable platform for defining phage--antibody interactions.

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Gembara, K., Harhala, M., Miernikiewicz, P., Kazmierczak, Z., Bollyky, P., Konieczny, A., Wilczak, A., Rybicka, I., Tynecki, P., Rozycka, M., Jedruchniewicz, N., Klak, M., Nelson, D. C., Witkiewicz, W., Dabrowska, K.. 2026-11-01. A synthetic phageome reveals widespread and diverse human antibody responses to bacteriophages. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.29.762592

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