Losing the split ends: unraveling the mechanisms of fiber branching during blood clot formation

Abstract

The coagulation cascade generates a three-dimensional fibrin gel that seals wounds and prevents the loss of blood. Extensive research has defined the structural and mechanical characteristics of fibrin gels and the various biochemical, physiological, and pathological factors that alter those properties. However, there has been no direct visualization of fibrin polymerization with the spatial and temporal resolution to characterize the fibrin branching process. Thus, a mechanistic explanation for the origins of fibrin structures remains unresolved, with several hypothesized models for how fibrin branching occurs. Using SimView light-sheet microscopy, we captured videos of fibrin fibers forming junctions and gelling. Results: We observed four distinct pathways for fibrin fibers to interact and bind, all predicated on the observation that tumbling and diffusing fibers collide and stick together. Branching occurred due to the binding of mature fibers, not through the splitting of fibers or through the lateral association of small fibrin oligomers (protofibrils), as had been previously hypothesized. Diffusion simulations of rod-like fibers confirmed the branching mechanisms, the relative frequency of the various binding pathways, and the distribution of fiber angles after binding. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) imaging also corroborated the relative frequency of various types of fibrin junctions. Moreover, SEM enabled the visualization of junctions at different timepoints, demonstrating that additional fibrin strands adhere to the initial binding site, strengthening the interaction. These results establish a mechanistic framework for fibrin branching and gel formation and define an innovative experimental approach for future interrogations of fibrin polymerization.