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bioRxiv · 10.64898/2026.09.28.754864

DAPHNE: A global database of pest herbivores and their natural enemies

Scheepens, D. R.·Newbold, T.·Freeman, R.
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Abstract

Anticipating and managing the impact of herbivorous pests requires evidence-based knowledge about the interactions between pests and their natural enemies. Knowledge of species' ecologies and biological interactions are typically disseminated in unstructured text across hundreds of thousands of scientific articles spanning a rapidly growing scientific literature, but manually screening this literature is time-consuming and impractical at scale. Taxonomic and geographic coverage thus remains sparse, and structured data on interactions between individual species are lacking, particularly for invertebrates. Large language models (LLMs) have recently emerged as a novel and powerful text-mining tool for knowledge extraction and evidence synthesis in a wide range of scientific disciplines, including ecology and conservation. In this study, we use an open-weight, pre-trained LLM to analyse abstracts of a corpus of published material on biological pest control to obtain a global Database of Pest Herbivores and their Natural Enemies (DAPHNE). This method resulted in the extraction of 175,404 species interactions from 112,830 published pest control studies, containing16,755 unique animal taxa resolved at the species level. Interactions include herbivory (granivory, frugivory and gall-formation), predation, parasitism and hyperparasitism, and comprise a range of additional information, such as species' taxonomy, pest status, pest importance, natural enemy importance, provision of biocontrol, associated plants and industries, invasiveness and the vectoring of pathogens and diseases. Validation of the results shows that most data columns were extracted with high recall and precision (>90%) and comparison of DAPHNE with other sources shows a high degree of agreement, but also highlights that the dataset contains information that may have been missed by other sources. In addition to the identification of important crop pests and their natural enemies, DAPHNE may be used for a variety of use-cases, including the identification of invasive species and pathogen vectors, trophic network analysis and literature search and discovery.

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Scheepens, D. R., Newbold, T., Freeman, R.. 2026-09-28. DAPHNE: A global database of pest herbivores and their natural enemies. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.28.754864

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