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bioRxiv · 10.64898/2026.09.26.754722

EEG mu rhythms and trait empathy during observation of a romantic partner's pain with and without consoling touch

Love, S.·Rowden, L.·Ballenger, B.·Harris Bozer, A.
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Abstract

Introduction: Observation of a partner in pain elicits empathy-related cortical responses and social support can modulate pain. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate empathy and the cortical response during observation of a romantic partner in pain with and without consoling touch. Methods: A total of 40 participants (20 couples) completed validated measures of handedness, pain and empathy. Each member of the couple was randomly assigned to be either the recipient of cold pressor pain or the consoling partner undergoing EEG. EEG activity was recorded from the consoling partner during baseline and pain conditions (with and without consoling touch) to investigate how observation of a partner in pain could alter mu rhythms. Results: Observing a romantic partner in pain significantly enhanced mu at electrodes C4 and Cz, yet addition of consoling touch did not significantly change mu rhythms. Personal Distress was positively associated with mu rhythm enhancement at electrode C4 during pain without consoling touch (r = .576, p = .008). Conclusion: Viewing a romantic partner in pain significantly increased mu rhythms, that was not further changed by offering consoling touch. The association between increases in mu rhythms and Personal Distress in the current study suggests that self-oriented distress may be especially relevant to sensorimotor cortex responses when witnessing a partner in pain, particularly when consoling touch is not possible. Keywords: pain; empathy, EEG, mu rhythms, cold pressor

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Love, S., Rowden, L., Ballenger, B., Harris Bozer, A.. 2026-10-01. EEG mu rhythms and trait empathy during observation of a romantic partner's pain with and without consoling touch. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.26.754722

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