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bioRxiv · 10.64898/2026.09.20.751569

Shedding light on fenestrations in carnivorous pitcher plants: a test for convergent function

Wagner, E. S.·Martin-Eberhardt, S.·Weber, M.·Gilbert, K. J.
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Abstract

A longstanding question in evolution is if similar morphologies shared by distantly related organisms facing similar environmental pressures belie similar functions. The carnivorous pitcher form has evolved in three distinct plant lineages and encompasses a suite of convergent morphological traits, providing a natural experiment to test hypothesized links between morphology and function. Multiple pitcher plant species possess fenestrations (i.e., small windows) that let light pass through the pitcher leaf. While research on one species, Nepenthes aristolochioides, demonstrates that fenestrations manipulate light to create false exits and increase prey capture, whether this convergent morphology serves this convergent function in other pitcher species remains unresolved. We explored the function of fenestrations in two additional species of pitcher plants, Nepenthes klossii and Cephalotus follicularis, where the morphology and function of fenestration were previously unexplored. We inspected micromorphology of pitcher structure, conducted an insect bioassay with live plants to test for links between morphology and function, and quantified traits associated with light manipulation from herbarium specimens. Both species exhibited fenestration and related pitcher morphology similar to N. aristolochioides. Yet our experiments did not reveal a significant effect of light passing through fenestrations on fly capture for these two species. Key differences between these species and the previously investigated species may be the presence of wax crystals and the absence of viscoelastic fluid. While future studies may uncover weak to moderate light manipulation function not detected in our study, our data do not support convergent function in these distantly related, morphologically similar species.

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Wagner, E. S., Martin-Eberhardt, S., Weber, M., Gilbert, K. J.. 2026-09-24. Shedding light on fenestrations in carnivorous pitcher plants: a test for convergent function. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.20.751569

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