SMCHD1's DNA binding activity enables its stable retention on chromatin

Abstract

Chromatin proteins play critical roles in gene regulation, yet frequently we do not fully understand how weak DNA binding affinity of such proteins contributes to their locus-specific actions. Here, we studied SMCHD1, a non-canonical SMC-family protein involved in three-dimensional genome organization and gene repression of the inactive X chromosome and its autosomal targets. We replaced endogenous SMCHD1 with GFP-tagged wild-type or hinge-domain DNA-binding mutant SMCHD1 to define the cellular role of DNA binding. The mutant showed reduced enrichment at the inactive X chromosome in female cells, while retaining stable binding at most autosomal binding sites. Impaired DNA binding weakens SMCHD1-mediated gene repression and chromatin-state regulation, producing hypomorphic effect. Multiple live-cell imaging methods reveal that DNA binding constrains SMCHD1 mobility and supports maintenance, rather than initial recruitment, of chromatin-bound SMCHD1 both during interphase and mitosis. Thus, SMCHD1's weak and sequence-independent DNA binding is a key determinant of its chromatin residence, localization and function. Our findings provide a framework for understanding SMCHD1 and other chromatin proteins with sequence-independent DNA binding activity.