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bioRxiv · 10.64898/2026.08.26.747319

Detection of Frustration-related Operant Behavior in Rats via Machine Learning Methods

Wang, J.·Babu, A. S.·Nguyen, B.·Contreras, Y. M.·Shah, P.·Ramirez, I. C.·Green, T. A.
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Abstract

Despite its strong link to neuropsychiatric conditions, frustration remains critically understudied in humans and animals alike. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop tools to understand and therapeutically target frustration-related functions. Interestingly, humans and rats respond similarly during frustrative nonreward by increasing barpress durations. We previously validated barpress duration in rat operant tasks as a reliable measure of frustration-related behavior; however, it is wellknown that in addition to duration of responding, emotional states such as frustration alter other aspects of responding such as force of pressing. One-dimensional, static measures such as maximum force could miss rich information contained within operant data. Thus, the objective of this study is to apply machine learning (ML) to force/time profiles to discriminate frustration-related barpresses from non-frustration-related barpresses. Results showed an AUROC for FR1 (i.e., non-frustrated) vs. extinction (frustrated condition) for individual barpresses of 0.65 that improved to 0.84 with a chunk size of 10. The model generalized well to progressive ratio responding, a different kind of frustration procedure. We conclude that force/time profiling does provide utility beyond one dimensional measures of duration or force separately, meaning that we can indeed infer the internal state of frustration from behavior using ML techniques. Importantly, this project will also serve as proof-of-concept for applying ML to predict other internal states from barpress data.

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Wang, J., Babu, A. S., Nguyen, B., Contreras, Y. M., Shah, P., Ramirez, I. C., Green, T. A.. 2026-09-01. Detection of Frustration-related Operant Behavior in Rats via Machine Learning Methods. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.26.747319

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