Astrocyte regulatory volume decrease is condition-dependent in intact brain tissue and requires the volume regulated anion channel

Abstract

Multiple lines of evidence point to the volume regulated anion channel (VRAC) as being instrumental for cellular volume regulation in many cell types, including astrocytes. VRAC are thought to open during periods of astrocyte swelling, releasing anions and osmolytes to drive water out of the cell, allowing it to return to baseline volume even under sustained osmotic or ionic challenge, a process called regulatory volume decrease, or RVD. However, the occurrence of RVD and VRACs role in this process has remained controversial, with clear evidence in cultured cells but mixed reports from work in intact brain tissue. In the present study, we aimed to address this gap by generating a transgenic mouse line in which VRAC is conditionally ablated in astrocytes (VRAC cKO) and recording the volume responses of astrocytes in VRAC cKO and control tissue using real-time volume imaging. We found that the effect of VRAC cKO on astrocyte swelling was dependent on whether swelling was evoked by elevated extracellular potassium, or by reduced extracellular osmolarity. We also found that both VRAC and the presence of sufficient intracellular taurine concentration were required to elicit RVD in astrocytes, but only in hypoosmolar conditions. Our findings provide new information on the conditions needed to elicit RVD in intact brain tissue, and that VRAC is required for RVD to occur. Our findings further suggest that reduction of intracellular ion concentration is essential for VRAC to be activated, rather than simply membrane expansion. Future experiments will examine the solute release aspect of VRAC activation upon astrocyte swelling, as well as the contributions of VRAC to pathological volume dysregulation.