Delivery of small interfering RNA and antisense oligonucleotides across the blood-brain barrier with monovalent transferrin receptor 1 binding VHH-Fc fusion proteins

Huggins, I. J.; Carrer, M.; Santos, J. A.; Fazio, M.; Holguin, B.; Phi, S.; Prakash, T. P.; Afetian, M.; Bakooshli, M. A.; Klein, S. K.; Galindo-Murillo, R.; Rodriguez, A. A.; Kamme, F.; Gaus, H.; Chappell, A.; Bravo-Hernandez, M.; Pinto-Duarte, A.; Quinones, R.; Jacquot, G.; David, M.; Rigo, F.; Kordasiewicz, H. B.; Zhao, H. T.; Jafar-nejad, P.; Tanowitz, M.; Swayze, E. E.

doi:10.64898/2026.08.13.744307

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bioRxiv · 10.64898/2026.08.13.744307

Delivery of small interfering RNA and antisense oligonucleotides across the blood-brain barrier with monovalent transferrin receptor 1 binding VHH-Fc fusion proteins

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Abstract

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective cell layer that restricts the diffusion of diverse chemical entities into the central nervous system (CNS) from systemic circulation. Macromolecular therapeutics including oligonucleotides, peptides, and monoclonal antibodies exhibit only minimal brain distribution after systemic dosing due to exclusion by the BBB. Receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT) has evolved to transport vital cargo across the BBB through a specialized vesicular transport pathway. Transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) shuttles transferrin, its natural ligand, across the BBB, as well as TfR1-binding IgG antibodies and conjugates. Here, we describe a novel monovalent TfR1-binding VHH-Fc for the delivery of oligonucleotide cargo, including antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) across the BBB in rodents and non-human primates (NHPs), supporting the translational potential of the VHH-antisense RMT platform for the treatment of neurological disorders. We explore the role of binding affinity, conjugation site, drug-antibody ratio (DAR), and conjugation chemistry, and determine that binding affinity, DAR and conjugation site are major determinants of RMT capacity and brain activity of siRNAs delivered across the BBB. Graphical Abstract / Highlights O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=81 SRC="FIGDIR/small/744307v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (24K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d1d648org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@4b22d3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@db8b6borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@19e5ac3_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG - Anti-TfR1 (-TfR1) VHH ligands formatted as heterodimeric, 2-chain monovalent VHH-Fc were engineered for conjugation to siRNA and ASO. - Systematic in vivo evaluation of VHH clones spanning a range of TfR1 binding affinities revealed a relationship between TfR1 binding affinity and the CNS activity of intravenously dosed VHH-Fc-siRNA conjugates. - By optimizing TfR1 binding affinity, conjugation site, and conjugation chemistry, we identified VHH-Fc-siRNA molecules that efficiently cross the BBB via receptor-mediated transcytosis and reduce target mRNA across CNS tissues, including deeper brain regions, after intravenous (IV) or subcutaneous (SC) dosing in mice and non-human primates (NHPs).

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Huggins, I. J., Carrer, M., Santos, J. A., Fazio, M., Holguin, B., Phi, S., Prakash, T. P., Afetian, M., Bakooshli, M. A., Klein, S. K., Galindo-Murillo, R., Rodriguez, A. A., Kamme, F., Gaus, H., Chappell, A., Bravo-Hernandez, M., Pinto-Duarte, A., Quinones, R., Jacquot, G., David, M., Rigo, F., Kordasiewicz, H. B., Zhao, H. T., Jafar-nejad, P., Tanowitz, M., Swayze, E. E.. 2026-08-20. Delivery of small interfering RNA and antisense oligonucleotides across the blood-brain barrier with monovalent transferrin receptor 1 binding VHH-Fc fusion proteins. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.13.744307

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