Epigenetic dysregulation of Th2 cytokine genes in MuSK myasthenia gravis and its modulation by immunosuppressive therapy

Elmas, C.; Stoccoro, A.; Lari, M.; Salehi, F.; Iovino, V.; Cepele, A.; Huber, J.; Faber, F.; Wolfsgruber, M.; Keritam, O.; Weng, R.; Steinmaurer, A.; Koenig, T.; Guida, M.; Cetin, H.; Zimprich, F.; Hoeftberger, R.; Maestri Tassoni, M.; Coppede, F.; Koneczny, I.

doi:10.64898/2026.08.05.742975

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bioRxiv · 10.64898/2026.08.05.742975

Epigenetic dysregulation of Th2 cytokine genes in MuSK myasthenia gravis and its modulation by immunosuppressive therapy

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Abstract

Background and objectivesMyasthenia gravis associated with antibodies against muscle-specific kinase (MuSK-MG) is a well-characterized IgG4-autoimmune disease, however, the mechanisms driving IgG4 predominance remain poorly understood. This study investigated whether promoter DNA methylation of cytokine genes involved in IgG4 class switching is associated with this immune response. MethodsPeripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from MuSK-MG patients (n=36), acetylcholine receptor myasthenia gravis (AChR-MG) patients as disease controls (n=7), and sex-matched healthy controls (n=12). Promoter DNA methylation of IL4, IL10, and IL13 was assessed by methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting and relative cytokine mRNA expression by qPCR. Associations with clinical variables, and antibody levels were subsequently evaluated. ResultsMuSK-MG patients showed lower median IL13 promoter methylation compared with healthy controls (p = 0.004). Median IL4 promoter methylation was also reduced in MuSK-MG compared with healthy controls (p < 0.001) and AChR-MG disease controls (p < 0.001), whereas no differences were observed for IL10 promoter methylation. Relative mRNA expression of IL4 (p = 0.0005), IL10 (p = 0.0462), and IL13 (p = 0.0002) was increased in MuSK-MG compared with AChR-MG. Compared with healthy controls, only IL4 expression remained significantly increased (p < 0.0001). Promoter methylation was inversely correlated with relative mRNA expression for IL4 (p < 0.0001), while IL13 showed a similar but non-significant trend (p = 0.054), no association was observed for IL10. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that treatment at sampling was independently associated with lower IL10 and IL13 promoter methylation, whereas no associations were observed with age, sex, disease phase, or disease duration. Promoter methylation did not correlate with total serum IgG4 or anti-MuSK IgG4 levels. DiscussionMuSK-MG is associated with selective hypomethylation of IL4 and IL13 promoters accompanied by increased cytokine gene expression, while IL10 promoter methylation remains unchanged. The association between treatment and IL10 and IL13 promoter methylation suggests that immunosuppressive therapy may influence epigenetic regulation in MuSK-MG. Together, these findings support a role for epigenetic dysregulation of Th2-associated cytokines in the immunological environment associated with IgG4 subclass switch. To our knowledge, this is the first study investigating IL4, IL10, and IL13 promoter DNA methylation in MuSK-MG.

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Elmas, C., Stoccoro, A., Lari, M., Salehi, F., Iovino, V., Cepele, A., Huber, J., Faber, F., Wolfsgruber, M., Keritam, O., Weng, R., Steinmaurer, A., Koenig, T., Guida, M., Cetin, H., Zimprich, F., Hoeftberger, R., Maestri Tassoni, M., Coppede, F., Koneczny, I.. 2026-08-11. Epigenetic dysregulation of Th2 cytokine genes in MuSK myasthenia gravis and its modulation by immunosuppressive therapy. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.05.742975

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