The sponge Hymeniacidon perlevis is introduced and widespread in the Western Atlantic

Abstract

The marine sponge Hymeniacidon perlevis is a globally-distributed species, likely because it has been extensively spread through human means. The status of this species in the Western Atlantic has been difficult to discern due to the presence of a morphologically similar species Hymeniacidon heliophila. Here, we have collected Hymeniacidon specimens from the H. heliophila type location and compared their morphology and genotypes to material from Europe, North and South America, and publicly available datasets. Specimens from the type location closely matched the original description of H. heliophila, and were morphologically indistinguishable from H. perlevis. Multilocus sequencing data confirm that these samples are indistinguishable from H. perlevis, and that the name H. heliophila should therefore be considered a junior synonym of H. perlevis. Analysis of a global cox1 dataset further revealed significantly higher genetic diversity in Europe than in the remainder of the world combined, supporting a European origin for the species and suggesting that all other genotyped populations are introductions. In the Western Atlantic, we confirm the presence of H. perlevis in the Gulf of Mexico, but contrary to some past reports, are unable to confirm its presence in the Caribbean. Our results clarify the taxonomy, biogeography, and recent history of one of the worlds most widespread marine sponges.