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bioRxiv · 10.64898/2026.07.17.739177

LiFT: Live foci tracking for quantitative analysis of DNA damage dynamics

de Wolf, T. H.·Engbers, P. A. M.·Perrin, J.·van der Steen, K. H.·van Beuningen, S. F. B.·Smal, I.·Nonnekens, J.
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Abstract

Quantitative analysis of radiation induced DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) and their repair is essential for understanding and eventually contributing to improving radiation-based cancer therapies. Using live-cell microscopy, the formation and resolution of DSBs over time can be followed in individual cells through tracking of foci formed by accumulation of DSB repair proteins. However, manual analysis of such time-lapse datasets is a tedious time-consuming task that is prone to operator bias, affecting the reproducibility. Here, we present LiFT, an automated image analysis pipeline, specifically designed for robust quantification of DSB kinetics in live-cell imaging experiments. To quantify DSB kinetics, our pipeline first segments and tracks cell nuclei without requiring a nuclear stain. After correcting for inter-frame motion through image registration, automatic detection and tracking of foci within these nuclei enables direct quantification of the dynamics of individual repair events. Multiple algorithmic options were implemented for each step of the pipeline, ensuring more general applicability to potentially different imaging setups and applications. We evaluated the pipeline using PLC/PRF/5 cells and demonstrated its generalizability on U2OS-SSTR2 cells. Our results show that LiFT enables reproducible and scalable quantification of DSB dynamics, providing a broadly applicable framework to analyse live-cell imaging data in cancer research. To improve the adoption of LiFT, we made it available as an open-source Python package and provided a graphical user interface to select different methods and adjust method related parameters.

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de Wolf, T. H., Engbers, P. A. M., Perrin, J., van der Steen, K. H., van Beuningen, S. F. B., Smal, I., Nonnekens, J.. 2026-07-19. LiFT: Live foci tracking for quantitative analysis of DNA damage dynamics. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.07.17.739177

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