IL-38 limits alloreactivity through modulating myeloid and T cell activation

Kiprina, A.; Xu, W.; Macinkovic, I.; Boeffinger, N.; Namgaladze, D.; Elewa, M. A. F.; Jacomin, A.-C.; Kur, I. M.; Aliraj, B.; Imkeller, K.; Bruene, B.; Weigert, A.

doi:10.64898/2026.06.19.728400

bioRxiv · 10.64898/2026.06.19.728400

IL-38 limits alloreactivity through modulating myeloid and T cell activation

Kiprina, A.·Xu, W.·Macinkovic, I.·Boeffinger, N.·Namgaladze, D.·Elewa, M. A. F.·Jacomin, A.-C.·Kur, I. M.·Aliraj, B.·Imkeller, K.·Bruene, B.·Weigert, A.

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Abstract

Interleukin-38 (IL-38) is a cytokine of the IL-1 cytokine family that promotes the resolution of inflammation. Resolution mechanisms comprise the induction or recovery of immune tolerance that is lacking in various acute and chronic inflammatory pathologies, including Graft-versus-Host Disease (GvHD). The role of IL-38 in the context of immune tolerance, its primary immune cell targets and underlying molecular mechanisms are not defined. In this study, we investigated the impact of IL-38 on human alloreactivity and in a mouse model of acute GvHD. Our data suggests that monocytes differentiating into macrophages are the main cellular target of IL-38. Specifically, IL-38 reduces antigen presentation capacity in differentiating monocytes through an IL-1 family receptor-independent mechanism, which subsequently avoids T-cell activation. In parallel, IL-38 ameliorates inflammation in allogeneic settings in human and murine GvHD models by promoting the expansion of regulatory T-cells. Our findings indicate that IL-38 promotes immune tolerance during alloreactivity by affecting myeloid cells and T-cells.

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Kiprina, A., Xu, W., Macinkovic, I., Boeffinger, N., Namgaladze, D., Elewa, M. A. F., Jacomin, A.-C., Kur, I. M., Aliraj, B., Imkeller, K., Bruene, B., Weigert, A.. 2026-06-22. IL-38 limits alloreactivity through modulating myeloid and T cell activation. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.06.19.728400

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