A chromosome-level genome assembly of a "living fossil", the tadpole shrimp Lepidurus arcticus (Pallas, 1793)

Strand, M. A.; Torresen, O. K.; Haga, J. A. R.; Danneels, B.; Skage, M.; Ferrari, G.; Tooming-Klunderud, A.; Hessen, D. O.; Jakobsen, K. S.

doi:10.64898/2026.06.04.730062

bioRxiv · 10.64898/2026.06.04.730062

A chromosome-level genome assembly of a "living fossil", the tadpole shrimp Lepidurus arcticus (Pallas, 1793)

Strand, M. A.·Torresen, O. K.·Haga, J. A. R.·Danneels, B.·Skage, M.·Ferrari, G.·Tooming-Klunderud, A.·Hessen, D. O.·Jakobsen, K. S.

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Abstract

We present the first chromosome-level reference genome for Lepidurus arcticus (Pallas, 1793), a freshwater crustacean with circumpolar distribution. L. arcticus belongs to the small order of freshwater Notostracan crustaceans that are representatives of the ancient group Branchiopoda. This group has a remarkable morphological stability and is frequently labelled "living fossils". Its ancient origin, streamlined genome (estimated to 0.11 Gb) and reproductive flexibility makes this a very interesting candidate for genomic studies. The haplotype-resolved assemblies are composed of two pseudo-haplotypes spanning 81.2 megabases (Mb) and 81.8 Mb, respectively, and each scaffolded into 6 chromosomes. Both haplotypes (hap) show high completeness and identical BUSCO scores of 98.3 for hap1 and hap2. The scaffold N50 length is 13.4 Mb for hap1 and 13.9 Mb for hap2, and k-mer completeness estimated from PacBio HiFi reads was 95.79% and 96.18%, respectively. The haplotypes display very low estimated genome-wide heterozygosity of 0.133%. The assembly contains 10901 (hap1) and 10910 (hap2) protein-coding genes. Repetitive elements comprised approximately 24-25% of each haplotype, with long terminal repeat retrotransposons representing the most abundant transposable element class at approximately 8-9%. Comparison with the near chromosome-level genome of Lepidurus packardi revealed substantial intrachromosomal rearrangements, despite similar chromosome numbers and chromosome sizes. Differences in transposable element content between L. arcticus and L. packardi were primarily driven by retrotransposons, particularly LTR and LINE elements. This reference genome provides a valuable resource for future population genomic studies and for investigating evolutionary stasis at the genome level.

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Strand, M. A., Torresen, O. K., Haga, J. A. R., Danneels, B., Skage, M., Ferrari, G., Tooming-Klunderud, A., Hessen, D. O., Jakobsen, K. S.. 2026-06-08. A chromosome-level genome assembly of a "living fossil", the tadpole shrimp Lepidurus arcticus (Pallas, 1793). https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.06.04.730062

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