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bioRxiv · 10.64898/2026.05.20.726641

Response to geographic variation in song is associated with differential gene expression in the blood of a songbird

Macedo, G.·McKenna, B.·Peters, S.·Nowicki, S.·Lipshutz, S.
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Abstract

Birdsong mediates territory acquisition and mate choice. In agonistic interactions, local songs generally elicit stronger responses than songs from more distant populations. However, the molecular mechanisms associated with differential responses to local vs. foreign songs are poorly understood. We addressed this knowledge gap by combining behavioral assays in the field with blood transcriptomic analysis, using a within-subjects design to ask whether male song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) show differential gene expression when exposed to playback of local and foreign songs. Transcriptomic profiles reflected the difference in behavioral response to local vs. foreign songs, with individuals exposed to local songs showing greater expression of genes associated with song perception and production, anti-inflammatory responses and energy metabolism. Our study suggests that changes in expression of key molecular pathways correlate with behavioral responses to geographic song variation, providing insight into the potential mechanisms regulating signal recognition and response to social challenges. HighlightsO_LIGene expression in sparrow blood was measured after simulated territorial intrusion. C_LIO_LIStronger response to local songs was associated with differential gene expression. C_LIO_LISong-associated genes (FOXP2, NRXN1) had higher expression when birds heard local songs. C_LIO_LIGene expression in the blood contains potential biomarkers of song recognition. C_LI

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Macedo, G., McKenna, B., Peters, S., Nowicki, S., Lipshutz, S.. 2026-05-22. Response to geographic variation in song is associated with differential gene expression in the blood of a songbird. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.05.20.726641

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