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bioRxiv · 10.64898/2026.05.09.724055

Sustainable Technology for the Fabrication of Liposomal Phases

Polley, A.·Ravikumar, A.·Shanmugam, S.
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Abstract

Liposomes are self-assembled lipid vesicles capable of encapsulating both hydrophilic and hydrophobic therapeutics, making them versatile platforms in drug delivery and biomedical technology. In this study, the limitations of the classical thin-film hydration method were critically evaluated, and a sustainable, systematically optimized strategy was established for generating defined liposomal lamellar phases. Hydration conditions were optimized, and 4 mL of buffer per 10 mg of lipid was determined to be optimal for effective rehydration and improved statistical reliability of vesicle measurements. A refined probe-sonication protocol (20% amplitude, 5 s ON/55 s OFF pulse) enabled controlled transformation of multivesicular vesicles into stable multilamellar and unilamellar vesicles at net ON-times of 90 s and 185 s, respectively, without overheating or contamination. In addition, a Python-based machine-learning tool was developed for vesicle size characterization. Collectively, these optimizations provided a reproducible and sustainable framework for preparing liposomes across different lamellar phases.

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Polley, A., Ravikumar, A., Shanmugam, S.. 2026-05-13. Sustainable Technology for the Fabrication of Liposomal Phases. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.05.09.724055

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