AMRgen: an R package for antimicrobial resistance genotype-phenotype analysis

Holt, K. E.; Argimon, S.; Chaput, D. L.; Couto, N.; Dyson, Z. A.; Foster-Nyarko, E.; Goodman, R. N.; Hawkey, J.; Knight, G. M.; Nagy, D.; Prasad, A. B.; Sanchez-Buso, L.; Tsang, K. K.; Berends, M. S.

doi:10.64898/2026.05.01.722195

bioRxiv · 10.64898/2026.05.01.722195

AMRgen: an R package for antimicrobial resistance genotype-phenotype analysis

Holt, K. E.·Argimon, S.·Chaput, D. L.·Couto, N.·Dyson, Z. A.·Foster-Nyarko, E.·Goodman, R. N.·Hawkey, J.·Knight, G. M.·Nagy, D.·Prasad, A. B.·Sanchez-Buso, L.·Tsang, K. K.·Berends, M. S.

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Abstract

Microbial whole-genome sequence data is now generated at scale, including to support antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance and understand resistance mechanisms, yet analytical infrastructure for systematically linking AMR genotypes to measured phenotypes remains fragmented. Here we present AMRgen, an R package to support systematic AMR genotype-phenotype analysis. AMRgen imports and harmonises genotypic data from common bioinformatics tools, alongside phenotypic data from automated antimicrobial susceptibility testing instruments and public repositories. It supports common analyses linking data to reference distributions, modelling associations, quantifying concordance, and producing publication-ready visualisations including UpSet plots that jointly display genotypic marker combination frequencies and associated phenotypic distributions. We demonstrate AMRgens utility using publicly available surveillance data for World Health Organization priority AMR pathogens, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica. AMRgen, available free and open-source at https://AMRgen.org, provides a reproducible end-to-end foundation for genotype-phenotype research in AMR genomics, clinical microbiology, and public health surveillance.

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Holt, K. E., Argimon, S., Chaput, D. L., Couto, N., Dyson, Z. A., Foster-Nyarko, E., Goodman, R. N., Hawkey, J., Knight, G. M., Nagy, D., Prasad, A. B., Sanchez-Buso, L., Tsang, K. K., Berends, M. S.. 2026-05-04. AMRgen: an R package for antimicrobial resistance genotype-phenotype analysis. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.05.01.722195

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