GLX10, a Novel Immunometabolic Modulator, Enhances Glycemic Control and Suppresses Inflammatory Signaling in a High-Fat Diet and Streptozotocin-Induced Rat Model of Type 2 Diabetes.

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a progressive metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and chronic low-grade inflammation. Despite the widespread use of established therapies such as metformin, long-term glycemic control remains suboptimal, and disease progression is often not adequately prevented. This highlights the need for novel therapeutic strategies that address both metabolic dysfunction and the underlying immunometabolic components of the disease. In this study, GLX10 (GLXM100) was evaluated as a novel immune modulator in a high-fat diet (HFD) and low-dose streptozotocin (STZ)-induced rat model of T2DM over a 91-day period. Glycemic outcomes were assessed using terminal random blood glucose and oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT), with glucose exposure quantified by area under the curve (AUC 0-120). Complementary in vitro investigations were performed in hepatic and macrophage cell models to assess cytocompatibility, nitric oxide production, and modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6 and TNF-. GLX10 treatment resulted in a significant reduction in random blood glucose levels and a marked improvement in glucose tolerance compared to diabetic control animals. Importantly, GLX10 demonstrated greater improvement in OGTT AUC compared to metformin under the same experimental conditions, indicating enhanced dynamic glucose regulation. In vitro, GLX10 maintained viability in normal hepatic cells while significantly suppressing nitric oxide production and inflammatory cytokine outputs in macrophages, supporting a favorable safety and immune profile. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that GLX10 exerts robust antidiabetic activity through a dual mechanism involving metabolic regulation and suppression of inflammatory signaling. The integration of in vivo efficacy with supportive in vitro safety and mechanistic data provides a strong preclinical foundation and supports the further development of GLX10 as a promising therapeutic candidate for T2DM.