Individuality and information content of infrared molecular profiles: insights from a large longitudinal health-profiling study

Zarandy, Z. I.; Nemeth, F. B.; Eissa, T.; Lakatos, C.; Nagy, D.; Debreceni, D.; Fleischmann, F.; Kovacs, Z.; Gero, D.; Zigman, M.; Krausz, F.; Kepesidis, K. V.

doi:10.64898/2026.04.09.717448

bioRxiv · 10.64898/2026.04.09.717448

Individuality and information content of infrared molecular profiles: insights from a large longitudinal health-profiling study

Zarandy, Z. I.·Nemeth, F. B.·Eissa, T.·Lakatos, C.·Nagy, D.·Debreceni, D.·Fleischmann, F.·Kovacs, Z.·Gero, D.·Zigman, M.·Krausz, F.·Kepesidis, K. V.

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Abstract

In this study, we investigate the individuality and information content of infrared molecular profiles derived from blood samples in a large, longitudinal health-profiling cohort and compare them to a standard clinical laboratory panel. Using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, we obtained comprehensive molecular fingerprints from 4,704 self-reported healthy individuals over five visits spanning 1.5 years, alongside routine clinical laboratory measurements. We show that infrared profiles are highly individual-specific and remarkably stable over time, with intra-individual variability significantly lower than inter-individual differences--paralleling the characteristics observed in clinical laboratory data. To quantify and compare the information content of these molecular datasets, we employ individual identification as a proxy for Shannon entropy. In this framework, higher identification accuracy reflects a higher amount of information. Infrared profiles outperform the clinical laboratory panel in identifying individuals at scale, suggesting higher intrinsic information content. Furthermore, combining infrared and clinical laboratory data substantially improves identification performance (the identification of less than 3000 individuals by the clinical laboratory panel is boosted to more than 4000 by incorporating the infrared spectroscopic markers), highlighting the value of integrating complementary data modalities. These findings suggest a practical framework, rooted in information theory, for comparing molecular profiling approaches and emphasize the potential of infrared spectroscopy as a complementary tool in personalized medicine.

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Zarandy, Z. I., Nemeth, F. B., Eissa, T., Lakatos, C., Nagy, D., Debreceni, D., Fleischmann, F., Kovacs, Z., Gero, D., Zigman, M., Krausz, F., Kepesidis, K. V.. 2026-04-13. Individuality and information content of infrared molecular profiles: insights from a large longitudinal health-profiling study. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.04.09.717448

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