End-to-end bimodal anti-counterfeiting by informational DNA nanoparticles

He, T.; Zhuo, B.; Zhao, X.; Hou, F.; Zhao, Z.; Gong, Y.; Cao, J.; Liu, L.; Feng, K.; Tang, J.; Li, S.; Xie, Z.; Li, A.; Wang, H.; Zhao, Q.; Yang, Z.; Luo, Z.

doi:10.64898/2026.04.06.716834

bioRxiv · 10.64898/2026.04.06.716834

End-to-end bimodal anti-counterfeiting by informational DNA nanoparticles

He, T.·Zhuo, B.·Zhao, X.·Hou, F.·Zhao, Z.·Gong, Y.·Cao, J.·Liu, L.·Feng, K.·Tang, J.·Li, S.·Xie, Z.·Li, A.·Wang, H.·Zhao, Q.·Yang, Z.·Luo, Z.

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Abstract

The superior stealth properties and high information density make DNA a sought-after candidate in the field of molecular steganography. Here, we developed the InfinMark end-to-end DNA steganography framework for anti-counterfeiting applications by combining the characteristics of both the Internet of Things (IoT) and DNA-of-Things (DoT). InfinMark includes five modules: Information Transcoding, Fingerprint Writing, Nano-encapsulation, Invisible Marking, and Multi-level Rapid Authentication. It ensures precise anti-counterfeiting information reading and writing through a dynamic DNA-compatible transcoding algorithm, achieves seamless embedding by developing scalable nanoparticle manufacture methods, and supports cross-scenario on-site verification, ultimately granting it comprehensive anti-counterfeiting capabilities spanning from source labeling to terminal tracing. By addressing the bottlenecks in IoT and DoT integration, lifecycle tracking, as well on-site product authentication, this research constructs a full-chain bimodal anti-counterfeiting system, thereby showcasing the practical application of informational DNA nanoparticles in various aspects of production and daily life.

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He, T., Zhuo, B., Zhao, X., Hou, F., Zhao, Z., Gong, Y., Cao, J., Liu, L., Feng, K., Tang, J., Li, S., Xie, Z., Li, A., Wang, H., Zhao, Q., Yang, Z., Luo, Z.. 2026-04-07. End-to-end bimodal anti-counterfeiting by informational DNA nanoparticles. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.04.06.716834

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