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bioRxiv · 10.64898/2026.03.31.715653

On the feasibility of temporal interference stimulation of human brains using two arrays of electrodes

Huang, Y.
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Abstract

Background: Conventional temporal interference stimulation (TI, TIS, or tTIS) leverages two pairs of electrodes to induce an interfering electrical field in the brain. Both computational and experimental studies show that TI can stimulate deep brain regions without significantly affecting shallow areas. While promising, optimization of the locations and dosages on these two pairs of electrodes for maximal focal modulation remains computationally challenging. We are the first to propose two arrays of electrodes instead of two or multiple pairs of electrodes to boost modulation focality. However, the optimization algorithm outputs too many electrodes with overlaps across two frequencies, making it difficult to implement in practice. Objective: Based on recent progress in developing multi-channel TI devices and computational work on TI optimization, here we again advocate two-array TI with feasibility data. Methods & Results: We give a review on major algorithms for TI optimization, and compare these algorithms over 25 individual heads across six brain targets. We show that the latest optimization algorithm for two-pair TI innately works for two-array TI with the fastest speed (under 30s) and a similar amount of electrodes as in multi-pair TI. At four of the six targets, this fastest algorithm for two-array TI achieves similar or even better focality than TI using up to 16 pairs of electrodes that takes days to optimize. We also show a hardware implementation of two-array TI using 10 electrodes on our 8-channel TI device. We argue that two-pair TI is only preferred when one does not care about modulation focality or when hardware is limited to only two current sources. We restate the focality-intensity tradeoff but in the context of TI and provide a first voxel-level map (at 4 mm resolution) of achievable focality and modulation strength by TI in the MNI-152 head template. Conclusions: Compared to two-pair or multi-pair TI, we promote two-array TI for its similar performance in focality and lower cost in terms of both optimization time and electrodes needed. We hope this work will pave the way for future adoptions of two-array TI for more focal non-invasive deep brain stimulation.

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Huang, Y.. 2026-04-03. On the feasibility of temporal interference stimulation of human brains using two arrays of electrodes. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.03.31.715653

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