Aerobic exercise prevents the loss of endogenous pain modulation in male and female rats with traumatic brain injury.

Abstract

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) patients may suffer from a number of long-term complications after injury such as impaired motor skills, cognitive decline, and sensory abnormalities including chronic pain. Disruption of endogenous pain modulatory pathways likely contributes to development of chronic pain in a wide range of conditions including TBI. Aerobic exercise has been shown to impact pain syndromes. Here we investigate the effect of exercise on pain outcome measures after TBI using a lateral fluid percussion (LFP) model and voluntary running wheels in male and female rats. We tested mechanical nociceptive reactivity with von Frey fibers and descending control of nociception (DCN) using hindpaw sensitization with PGE2 followed by a capsaicin-test stimulus to the forepaw. Pharmacological studies employed the administration of noradrenergic (NA) and serotoninergic receptor blockers. Neuropathological studies quantified neuroinflammatory changes and axonal damage. We found that exercise decreased the duration of the acute phase of pain from [~]5 weeks to 2-3 weeks in female and male TBI rats respectively, gains that could be reversed using the 1-adrenoceptor (1AR) antagonist, prazosin. Exercise also prevented the loss of DCN for at least 180 days post-injury in both male and female TBI rats. The intact DCN response in male and female TBI rats provided by exercise could be blocked using prazosin. Surprisingly, exercise-mediated restoration of the DCN response in male TBI rats was not blocked by the 5-HT7 receptor antagonist, SB-267790, the receptor system through which serotonin reuptake inhibitors restore DCN after TBI in male rats. Therefore, the transition from a noradrenergic to a serotonergic inhibitory pain pathway that we typically see in male TBI rats, was blocked by exercise. Assessment of neuropathology, acutely after TBI, reveals that both the astrocyte and microglial response to injury is significantly greater in male TBI compared to female TBI, regardless of exercise. The effect of exercise on the extent of neuroinflammation after injury was minimal in TBI rats of both sexes. In contrast, exercise significantly decreased the amount of axonal loss in the corpus callosum in both male and female TBI rats compared to sedentary TBI rats. However, the extent of axonal loss after TBI in both exercise and sedentary male rats was greater than in female exercise and sedentary groups respectively. These results demonstrate that exercise is a promising treatment for chronic pain after TBI in both male and females. It also highlights that dysfunction of the endogenous pain modulatory pathways observed in male rats after TBI can be prevented by exercise, possibly by reducing axonal loss.