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bioRxiv · 10.64898/2026.03.03.709353

Depression symptoms are associated with affective neural processing during sleep and rest

Lin, X.·Lew, N. J.·Cho, M.·Paller, K. A.·Schechtman, E.
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Abstract

Sleep supports offline information processing and is essential for cognitive and emotional functioning. Abnormal sleep patterns are a hallmark of affective disorders. We hypothesized that affective symptoms occur with maladaptive neural processing during offline periods. To test this idea, we used multivariate EEG decoding with cross-state classification. A model trained on EEG data acquired while participants (N = 52) viewed emotional images was used to classify stimulus valence. Applying this model to data collected during a nap revealed the re-emergence of affective neural patterns. Critically, offline reinstatement of patterns reflecting negatively valenced processing predicted greater depressive symptoms across participants. These associations reflected both cognitive-affective and somatic-performance depression subscales, and they generalized across sleep stages and wakeful rest. The finding that offline neural information processing is linked with emotional well-being supports a model whereby maladaptive negative biases can be perpetuated during rest, potentially shaping the progression of affective disorders.

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Lin, X., Lew, N. J., Cho, M., Paller, K. A., Schechtman, E.. 2026-03-05. Depression symptoms are associated with affective neural processing during sleep and rest. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.03.03.709353

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