Cellular protein delivery through membrane potential driven water pores

Franke, J.; Dubatouka, P.; Yourdkhani, A.; Soni, S.; Utesch, T.; Serrano, J.; Soykan, T.; Lehmann, M.; Sun, H.; Arafiles, J. V. V.; Hackenberger, C. P.

doi:10.64898/2026.02.24.707441

bioRxiv · 10.64898/2026.02.24.707441

Cellular protein delivery through membrane potential driven water pores

Franke, J.·Dubatouka, P.·Yourdkhani, A.·Soni, S.·Utesch, T.·Serrano, J.·Soykan, T.·Lehmann, M.·Sun, H.·Arafiles, J. V. V.·Hackenberger, C. P.

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Abstract

Providing immediate access for functional proteins inside living cells would unlock unprecedented control over cellular processes; however, commonly used endocytic delivery suffers from endosomal trapping and degradation. One of the most powerful non-endosomal delivery methods uses cell surface anchored cell penetrating peptide (CPP)-additives that allow proteins to enter cells directly. Nevertheless, the underlying molecular mechanism involved in direct entry via crossing the cell membrane (protein translocation through the cell) and the major driving forces remain controversially discussed. Here, we provide a stepwise molecular picture on how CPP-additives enable uptake of protein cargoes through direct membrane translocation. CPP-additives accumulate on the cell surface in nucleation zones, locally hyperpolarizing the membrane, and induce transient water pores that allow selective CPP-protein entry without compromising membrane integrity. These fundamental mechanistic insights provide a firm basis for rationally optimizing delivery strategies using highly cationic CPPs, ultimately resulting in innovative and smart protein delivery strategies to advance therapeutic protein applications. Abstract Figure O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=111 SRC="FIGDIR/small/707441v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (41K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@14c1386org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@195f765org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a52258org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@171dd7c_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG

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Franke, J., Dubatouka, P., Yourdkhani, A., Soni, S., Utesch, T., Serrano, J., Soykan, T., Lehmann, M., Sun, H., Arafiles, J. V. V., Hackenberger, C. P.. 2026-02-25. Cellular protein delivery through membrane potential driven water pores. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.02.24.707441

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