Chlamydial Histones Control Developmental Fitness in the Next Infection Cycle

Abstract

The unique chlamydial developmental cycle comprises three stages: primary differentiation of infectious elementary bodies (EBs) into reticulate bodies (RBs), RB replication, and secondary differentiation into progeny EBs. Extensive chromosome remodeling during RB-to-EB differentiation is thought to be mediated by the histones HctA and HctB. Here, we used an inducible CRISPR interference system to repress hctA, hctB, or both genes during development in Chlamydia trachomatis. Surprisingly, repression of either histone gene alone or in combination caused only modest reductions in EB yield and did not prevent nucleoid condensation during the parental developmental cycle. In contrast, when progeny EBs generated under histone-repressing conditions were used to initiate secondary infections in the absence of inducer, histone deficiency during EB maturation profoundly impaired fitness in the next infection cycle. Secondary cultures initiated with HctA-deficient EBs exhibited a delayed onset of genome replication, consistent with inefficient primary EB-to-RB differentiation, whereas combined repression of hctA and hctB caused both delayed genome replication and persistently reduced genome accumulation, indicative of defects in RB formation and subsequent growth. Repression of hctB alone did not measurably affect genome replication in secondary cultures. Together, these findings reveal a transgenerational role for chlamydial histones and establish chromosome organization during EB maturation as a key determinant of developmental fitness across infection cycles. IMPORTANCEChlamydial histones HctA and HctB are unusual among bacterial chromatin-binding proteins in that they share sequence homology with mammalian histones and are developmentally regulated during the formation of infectious particles. Here, we show that reduced expression of HctA and HctB has only modest effects on genome condensation and EB production, consistent with partial functional redundancy between the two histones and suggesting that additional chromatin factors contribute to EB chromosome compaction. In contrast, deficiency of HctA and HctB during EB maturation has profound consequences in the next infection cycle, impairing primary EB-to-RB differentiation and subsequent RB growth. These findings reveal a previously unrecognized transgenerational role for chlamydial histones and establish chromosome organization during EB maturation as a key determinant of developmental fitness across infection cycles.