BABYBOOM-like expression in the cowpea egg and central cellenables parthenogenesis, endosperm development, and viable haploid seed formation

Amansende-Morales, I.; Ruiz-Maciel, O.; Leon-Martinez, G.; Conner, J.; Bhogireddy, S.; Ortiz-Vasquez, Q.; Su, H.; de la Cruz, J.; Lua, J.; Ramirez, K.; Vallebueno-Estrada, M.; Bencivenga, S.; Hartmann, R.; Gursanscky, N.; Riboni, M.; Juranic, M.; Hand, M. L.; Johnson, S. D.; Ferguson, B.; Grossniklaus, U.; Ozias-Akins, P.; Koltunow, A.; Vielle Calzada, J.-P.

doi:10.64898/2026.02.08.704694

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bioRxiv · 10.64898/2026.02.08.704694

BABYBOOM-like expression in the cowpea egg and central cellenables parthenogenesis, endosperm development, and viable haploid seed formation

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Abstract

Introductory Paragraph (Nature Plants format)Parthenogenesis or fertilization-independent embryogenesis occurs at low frequency in sexual plants. Expression of BABYBOOM-like (BBML) and PARTHENOGENESIS (PAR) genes in the egg cell of several diploid dicot crops induce parthenogenesis at varying frequency; however, recovery of viable haploid seeds has rarely been reported, perhaps due to a lack of viable endosperm formation. In the legume cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp), ectopic egg cell expression of the endogenous BBML homolog (VuBBML1) and PAR from Taraxacum officinale induces parthenogenesis; however, seeds abort as endosperm formation is blocked following self-pollination. Expression of VuBBML1 in both the egg cell and central cell, together with central cell fertilization following self-pollination, results in viable seeds that germinate and give rise to haploid plants. VuBBML1 has a functional role in the formation of cowpea embryo and endosperm seed compartments. This finding opens possibilities for establishing double haploid production during homozygous parental breeding, and asexual seed induction for fixing hybrid vigor in cowpea.

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Amansende-Morales, I., Ruiz-Maciel, O., Leon-Martinez, G., Conner, J., Bhogireddy, S., Ortiz-Vasquez, Q., Su, H., de la Cruz, J., Lua, J., Ramirez, K., Vallebueno-Estrada, M., Bencivenga, S., Hartmann, R., Gursanscky, N., Riboni, M., Juranic, M., Hand, M. L., Johnson, S. D., Ferguson, B., Grossniklaus, U., Ozias-Akins, P., Koltunow, A., Vielle Calzada, J.-P.. 2026-02-10. BABYBOOM-like expression in the cowpea egg and central cellenables parthenogenesis, endosperm development, and viable haploid seed formation. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.02.08.704694

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