Diversity and community structure of aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria are shaped by the deep chlorophyll maximum

Abstract

The surface ocean exhibits strong vertical gradients in light, nutrients, and temperature, shaping the phytoplankton distribution which often defines a deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM). Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic (AAP) bacteria inhabit the euphotic zone, with their abundances following the chlorophyll a variability. While AAP bacterial communities are known to differ across regions with contrasting environmental conditions, their vertical distribution remains poorly understood. We hypothesized that the diversity and community structure of AAP bacteria would vary across the vertical gradient, in relation to changes in environmental variables and following the DCM profile. To test this hypothesis, we studied the composition of AAP communities at different depths along the DCM structure in the South and Central Atlantic Ocean, by means of amplicon sequencing of the pufM gene. The results show significant differences in richness, community structure, and taxonomic composition of samples from different layers of the DCM, highlighting the dependance of AAP bacteria on its structure. Remarkably, the use of primers with broad phylogenetic coverage enabled the recovery of several phylogroups previously detected only through metagenomics. We show that they represent a significant fraction of marine AAP communities, provide clues on their ecological preferences, and confirm their association with the family Candidatus Luxescamonaceae, with genomic potential for carbon fixation.