Search bioRxiv⌕ Search
Home/Archive/bioRxiv

bioRxiv · 10.64898/2025.12.04.692271

Complete Genome Sequencing and Molecular Characterization of Indigenous Enterovirus A71 Genogroups D and G of India

Kumar, A.·Shete, A.·Varose, S. Y.·Jadhav, S.·Yadav, S.·Khurana, J.·Gupta, N.·Yadav, P.·Cherian, S.·Mohanty, M.
View original source ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), a neurotropic member of the Picornaviridae family, comprises seven recognized genogroups (A-G). Despite prior identification of D and G genogroups in India, comprehensive full-genome characterization of these indigenous lineages remains unreported. We performed next-generation sequencing (NGS) and molecular phylogenetic analyses on two Indian isolates: R13223-IND-02 (genogroup D) and V11-2209-01 (genogroup G). Phylogenetic reconstruction revealed robust clustering of these strains within distinct clades, divergent from globally prevalent genogroups B and C, considering bootstrap support [≥]99%. Both D and G genogroups appear geographically restricted to India, while genogroup D persists as an endemic lineage. Comparative genomic analyses demonstrated extensive nucleotide divergence, including numerous non-synonymous substitutions across both structural (VP1-VP4) and non-structural (2A-3D) coding regions. These findings highlight the evolutionary independence and sustained circulation of D and G genogroups in India, suggesting a unique regional evolutionary trajectory. The findings hold significant global relevance, offering valuable insights for molecular surveillance, advancing pathogenesis research, and supporting the development of genogroup-specific vaccine strategies tailored to diverse epidemiological landscapes.

Source connections

Explore related subjects

genomicsPreprint

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeXRIS

Kumar, A., Shete, A., Varose, S. Y., Jadhav, S., Yadav, S., Khurana, J., Gupta, N., Yadav, P., Cherian, S., Mohanty, M.. 2025-12-05. Complete Genome Sequencing and Molecular Characterization of Indigenous Enterovirus A71 Genogroups D and G of India. https://doi.org/10.64898/2025.12.04.692271

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related preprints

bioRxiv2026

A hydrogen-producing mitochondrion in an anaerobic eukaryotrophic rhizarian

Diverse eukaryotes thrive under low oxygen conditions, in part through highly modified mitochondrion-related organelles (MROs) that use alternate metabolic pathways to support ATP production and cofactor recycling. Anaerobic lifestyles have evolved repeatedly across the eukaryotic tree of life, each providing an independent opportunity to understand how eukaryotes adapt to life in low oxygen conditions. Here, we use single-cell transcriptomics to reconstruct the MRO metabolism of PCE SSF, a benthic eukaryotrophic flagellate and the first cultivated representative of Novel Clade 12 (NC12; Rhizaria), an independently anaerobic rhizarian lineage. PCE SSF possesses an anaerobic hydrogen-producing mitochondrion capable of hydrogenosome-type substrate-level phosphorylation. It also retains a nearly complete but likely branched tricarboxylic acid pathway that lacks citrate synthase and malate dehydrogenase. The function of citrate synthase may instead be fulfilled by the typically cytosolic ATP citrate lyase, previously reported in this context only in the anaerobic cercozoan, Brevimastigomonas motovehiculus. Unlike B. motovehiculus, however, PCE SSF retains only Complex II and the NuoE/NuoF subunits of the electron transport chain and lacks a mitochondrial genome. Together, these features indicate an atypical and reduced mitochondrial metabolism, highlighting the diversity of evolutionary solutions to anaerobic energy metabolism in eukaryotes.

genomics↗
bioRxiv2026

A single-nucleus multi-omic atlas of gene regulation across 21 adult human tissues

Diverse human cell types establish specialized functions through lineage- and context-specific regulatory programs. Interpreting non-coding genetic risk requires integrated multi-omic reference maps that directly connect regulatory DNA to cellular expression across human tissues. Here we present a single-nucleus multi-omic atlas comprising 459,856 transcriptomic and chromatin accessibility profiles from 21 adult human tissues and four donors, including paired measurements from 160,688 nuclei. The atlas resolves nine cell lineages, 61 broad cell types and 313 subclusters, and identifies 1,085,062 candidate cis-regulatory elements (cCREs), including 161,270 novel elements absent from ENCODE. Regulatory activity was dominated by cell identity but refined by tissue context. Joint profiling enabled 871,177 cCRE-gene associations and revealed lineage-specific regulatory architectures. Cross-tissue accessibility further identified lineage-restricted and constitutively inaccessible chromatin domains, the latter showing preferential hypomethylation across human cancers. Furthermore, we leverage this dataset to train sequence-to-function models to predict chromatin-accessibility effects for 548,656 fine-mapped variants, identifying 18,133 high-effect variants, including 1,120 broadly active variants. Models trained for eight endothelial subtypes further resolve predicted variant effects across vascular beds. Together, this atlas provides a comprehensive cellular and computational framework for interpreting regulatory sequence, context-dependent gene control, and complex trait genetics across the human body.

genomics↗
bioRxiv2026

The chromosome level genome of the Blueberry Stem Gall Wasp, Hemadas nubilipennis (Hymenoptera: Ormyridae) on lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) reveals repeat-driven expansion

Gall-inducing wasps are emerging models for studying plantinsect coevolution, host manipulation, host plant adaptation, and speciation, yet chromosome-level resources remain scarce for most lineages. The blueberry stem gall wasp (BSGW), Hemadas nubilipennis (Hymenoptera: Ormyridae), is native to North America where it induces galls on both lowbush (Vaccinium angustifolium) and highbush blueberries (V. corymbosum). Recently, BSGW has reached outbreak densities in cultivated highbush production. Given that (a) the biology has been characterized primarily from natural lowbush-associated populations, (b) the absence of genomic resources limits comparative analyses, and (c) populations on cultivated highbush represent a recent host shift, we generated the first chromosome-level genome from wild lowbush blueberry. The BSGW genome consists of five chromosome-scale scaffolds totaling 1.08 Gb (N50 = 218 Mb), the second largest known in Chalcidoidea. Comparative analysis reveals that genome size variation is driven primarily by transposable element proliferation (R = 0.96, p < 0.001), with BSGW exhibiting a high proportion of unclassified TEs. Gene-body methylation is conserved, enriched in exons of broadly expressed core genes, and correlates with gene density. The mitochondrial genome (18,697 bp) exhibits extensive gene rearrangement, and COI sequences reveal 4.35.4% divergence from geographically distant populations, suggesting a complex of cryptic species. Additionally, we assemble a near-complete genome of the endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis (Supergroup A), which encodes PifA and PifB effectors potentially linked to parthenogenesis. These resources establish a foundation for population genomics, taxonomic revision, and applied management, while providing insights into genome architecture, epigenetics, and symbiont interactions.

genomics↗