Acoustoluminescence in Transition Metal and Rare Earth Oxides Beyond 1800 nm for In Vivo Imaging

Xiong, P.; Xu, S.; Liu, Z.; XU, D.; Yu, H.; Dai, Z.; Wu, Z.; Qu, L.; Wang, F.

doi:10.64898/2025.12.03.692246

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bioRxiv · 10.64898/2025.12.03.692246

Acoustoluminescence in Transition Metal and Rare Earth Oxides Beyond 1800 nm for In Vivo Imaging

Xiong, P.·Xu, S.·Liu, Z.·XU, D.·Yu, H.·Dai, Z.·Wu, Z.·Qu, L.·Wang, F.

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Abstract

Acoustoluminescence (AL) is promising for molecular imaging in living tissue, but efficient acousto-optic conversion remains challenging due to the [~]108 times difference in quantum energy between phonons (1 MHz ultrasound) and photons (visible or near-infrared light). Here, we report AL in transition metal oxides (TMOs) and rare earth oxides (REOs) at wavelengths beyond 1800 nm in the short-wave infrared (SWIR) or near-infrared II (NIR-II, 1000-3000 nm) window, under ultrasound excitation at power densities 100-150-fold lower than those required for sonoluminescence in liquids. High-temperature N2/H2-mixed gas reduction was demonstrated as a safe and efficient method to regulate the AL spectra and brightness of TMOs and REOs. TMOs exhibited broadband NIR-II AL emission. Intrinsic emission peaks of rare earth ions and non-conventional luminescence were observed in the AL spectra of REOs under ultrasound excitation. NIR-II AL imaging enabled twice the penetration depth of fluorescence imaging. We developed a scanning focused ultrasound AL imaging system for in vivo tumor imaging through the intact hindlimb, achieving acoustic resolution and penetration depths exceeding one centimeter.

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Xiong, P., Xu, S., Liu, Z., XU, D., Yu, H., Dai, Z., Wu, Z., Qu, L., Wang, F.. 2025-12-07. Acoustoluminescence in Transition Metal and Rare Earth Oxides Beyond 1800 nm for In Vivo Imaging. https://doi.org/10.64898/2025.12.03.692246

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