The ER cargo receptor SURF4 facilitates efficient erythropoietin secretion

Abstract

Erythropoietin (EPO), a glycoprotein produced by specialized peritubular fibroblasts in the kidney, is the master regulator of erythropoiesis. EPO is secreted into the plasma in response to tissue hypoxia and stimulates erythroid differentiation and maturation. Though the transcriptional regulation of EPO has been well studied, the molecular determinants of EPO secretion remain unknown. Here, we generated a HEK293T reporter cell line that provides a quantifiable and selectable readout of intracellular EPO levels. Using this cell line, we performed a genome-scale CRISPR screen that identified SURF4 as an important mediator of EPO secretion. Targeting SURF4 with multiple independent sgRNAs resulted in intracellular accumulation and extracellular depletion of EPO. Both of these phenotypes were rescued by expression of SURF4 cDNA. Additionally, consistent with a role for SURF4 as an ER cargo receptor of EPO, we found that disruption of SURF4 resulted in accumulation of EPO in the ER compartment, and that SURF4 and EPO physically interact. Furthermore, SURF4 disruption in Hep3B cells also caused a defect in the secretion of endogenous EPO, ruling out an artifact of heterologous overexpression. This work suggests that SURF4 functions as an ER cargo receptor that mediates the efficient secretion of EPO. Our findings also suggest that modulating SURF4 may be an effective treatment for disorders of erythropoeisis that are driven by aberrant EPO levels. Finally, we show that SURF4 overexpression results in increased secretion of EPO, suggesting a new strategy for more efficient production of recombinant EPO.