Impact of soil salinity on the cowpea nodule-microbiome and the isolation of halotolerant PGPR strains to promote plant growth under salinity stress

Hirsch, A.; Mukhtar, S.; Khan, N.; Malik, K.; Humm, E.; Pellegrini, M.; Shi, B.; Briscoe, L.; Hunteman, M.; Clum, A.; Foster, B.; Roux, S.; Palanlappan, K.; Varghese, N.; Mukherjee, S.; Reddy, T. B.; Daum, C.; Copeland, A.; Ivanova, N.; Kyrpides, N.; Shapiro, N.; Eloe-Fadrosh, E.; Maymon, M.; Mirza, M. S.; Mehnaz, S.

doi:10.1101/856765

Home/Archive/bioRxiv

bioRxiv · 10.1101/856765

Impact of soil salinity on the cowpea nodule-microbiome and the isolation of halotolerant PGPR strains to promote plant growth under salinity stress

View original source ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

Four soil samples (SS-1--SS-4) isolated from semi-arid soils in Punjab, Pakistan were used as inocula for cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) grown under salinity stress to analyze the composition of bacteria in the rhizosphere and within nodules through cultivation-dependent and cultivation-independent methods. Two cowpea varieties, 603 and the salt-tolerant CB 46, were each inoculated with four different native soil samples, and data showed that plants inoculated with soil samples SS-2 and SS-4 grew better than plants inoculated with soil samples SS-1 and SS-3. Bacteria were isolated from both soils and nodules, and 34 of the 51 original isolates tested positive for PGPR traits in plate assays with many exhibiting multiple plant growth-promoting properties. A number of isolates were positive for all PGPR traits tested. For the microbiome studies, environmental DNA (eDNA) was isolated from SS-1 and SS-4, which represented the extremes of the Pakistan soils to which the plants responded, and by 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis were found to consist mainly of Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria. However, sequencing analysis of eDNA isolated from cowpea nodules established by the trap plants grown in the four Pakistan soils indicated that the nodule microbiome consisted almost exclusively of Proteobacterial sequences, particularly Bradyrhizobium. Yet, many other bacteria including Rhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Pseudomonas, as well as Paenibacillus, Bacillus as well as non-proteobacterial genera were isolated from the nodules of soil-inoculated cowpea plants. This discrepancy between the bacteria isolated from cowpea nodules (Proteobacteria and non-Proteobacteria) versus those detected in the nodule microbiome (Proteobacteria) needs further study.

Source connections

Published article ↗

Explore related subjects

plant biology Preprint

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeX RIS

Hirsch, A., Mukhtar, S., Khan, N., Malik, K., Humm, E., Pellegrini, M., Shi, B., Briscoe, L., Hunteman, M., Clum, A., Foster, B., Roux, S., Palanlappan, K., Varghese, N., Mukherjee, S., Reddy, T. B., Daum, C., Copeland, A., Ivanova, N., Kyrpides, N., Shapiro, N., Eloe-Fadrosh, E., Maymon, M., Mirza, M. S., Mehnaz, S.. 2019-11-27. Impact of soil salinity on the cowpea nodule-microbiome and the isolation of halotolerant PGPR strains to promote plant growth under salinity stress. https://doi.org/10.1101/856765

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related preprints

bioRxiv2026

In-cell structural analysis reveals a distinctive chloroplast ribosome in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Chloroplast ribosomes synthesize plastid-encoded components of photosynthetic machinery, yet their structure and organization remain poorly understood. We combined cryo-focused ion beam milling, cryo-electron tomography and subtomogram averaging to determine native chloroplast ribosomes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The 4.4-4.9 [A] structure revealed a large arch-like extension on the small subunit (SSU). Comparisons with bacterial and plant chloroplast ribosomes, supported by proteomics, AlphaFold3 predictions and a recent atomic model, indicate that the arch is formed by insertions and extensions in SSU proteins. Classification resolved active, thylakoid-associated ribosomes with density adjacent to the nascent peptide exit and an arch-moved state enriched among thylakoid-associated particles, with coordinated displacement of the arch and beak. Phylogenetic analysis revealed an evolutionary mosaic: the uS3c insertion is broadly distributed across Chlorophyceae, whereas the uS2c insertion, uS5c and PSRP7 are concentrated in Chlamydomonadales, with PSRP7 also in Sphaeropleales. Nuclear-encoded components were recruited stepwise onto a plastid-encoded scaffold, with all four under comparable purifying selection. These findings link a lineage-specific SSU extension to ribosome dynamics, thylakoid association and evolution, highlighting the value of in-cell structural analysis.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2026

Implementation and calibration of the Vaganov-Shashkin model in the virtualRings R package

Process-based tree growth models provide a mechanistic framework for investigating how climate conditions regulate tree growth across daily to annual time scales. Yet, their broader application across species and environments is constrained by the limited accessibility in open-source environments and the difficulty of estimating physiological parameters that are rarely measured directly. Here, we present virtualRings, a new R package integrating the Vaganov-Shashkin model (VSM) and the RINGS3 models, and focus on the implementation and calibration of VSM. Using tree-ring width observations from seven Northern Hemisphere sites across various environmental conditions, we compared the traditional bootstrap-based calibration approach with the Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES). CMA-ES improved agreement between simulated and observed radial tree growth and provided an efficient approach for model parameter estimation. We further evaluated practical CMA-ES settings to balance computational cost and performance and discussed its potential limitations. The virtualRings package provides an open and reproducible platform for tree growth simulation, facilitating the application of important process-based models across species and environments and the investigation of how temperature and moisture constraints regulate daily tree-ring formation across spatial and temporal scales.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2026

Timing of transient darkness shapes carbon-nitrogen metabolism and sugar signaling in sugarcane

Fluctuating light is common in field environments. Yet, the mechanisms by which C4 crops coordinate carbon and nitrogen metabolism during short-term carbon deprivation remain poorly understood. Here, we imposed transient darkness at different phases of the diel cycle to assess how the timing of light loss affects photosynthesis, carbohydrate turnover, amino acid dynamics, and sugar-sensing pathways in commercial sugarcane leaves. Early-day darkness significantly impaired photosynthetic induction and revealed a temporal disconnect between stomatal and metabolic limitations, whereas midday and late-day treatments caused temporary, time-specific disruptions in carbon assimilation. These shifts altered the balance between sucrose preservation and catabolic mobilization, leading to treatment-dependent changes in starch reserves and free amino acids. Core circadian components largely maintained their phase relationships, but their amplitudes varied across treatments, consistent with partial decoupling from carbon status. Darkness also reorganized energy signaling, with SnRK1 and DIN6 responses associated with greater declines in sucrose. Notably, trehalose-pathway transcripts showed marked changes in network connectivity, with ScTPSIIG consistently emerging as a highly connected candidate associated with photosynthetic performance, water-use traits, sugar sensing, and amino acid metabolism. Overall, these results indicate that the timing of carbon limitation and residual sucrose availability shape distinct metabolic responses, while trehalose metabolism provides a candidate regulatory layer coordinating carbon-nitrogen adjustment during the diel cycle, highlighting class II TPS proteins as targets for functional investigation of metabolic resilience in sugarcane.

plant biology↗