Odd-paired is a late-acting pioneer factor coordinating with Zelda to broadly regulate gene expression in early embryos

Abstract

Pioneer factors such as Zelda help initiate zygotic transcription in Drosophila early embryos, but whether other factors support this dynamic process is unclear. Odd-paired (Opa), a zinc-finger transcription factor expressed at cellularization, controls transition of genes from pair-rule to segmental patterns along the anterior-posterior axis. Finding that Opa also regulates late expression through enhancer sog_Distal, along the dorso-ventral axis, we hypothesized that Opa acts as a general timing factor. Chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP-seq) confirmed Opa in vivo binding to sog_Distal but also identified widespread binding throughout the genome, comparable to Zelda. Furthermore, chromatin assays (ATAC-seq) demonstrate that Opa, like Zelda, influences chromatin accessibility genome-wide, suggesting both are pioneer factors with common as well as distinct targets. Lastly, embryos lacking opa exhibit widespread, late patterning defects spanning both axes. Collectively, these data suggest Opa, a general timing factor and likely a late-acting pioneer factor, heralds in a secondary wave of zygotic gene expression.