Diversity patterns of marine heterotrophic culturable bacteria along vertical and latitudinal gradients

Abstract

Nowadays, there is a significant gap in the knowledge of the diversity and patterns for marine heterotrophic culturable microorganisms. In addition, most of the bacterial isolation efforts have focused on the photic ocean leaving the deep ocean less explored. We have isolated 1561 bacterial strains covering both photic (817) and aphotic layers (744) including isolates from the oxygen minimum zone (362) and the bathypelagic (382) from a variety of oceanographic regions including the North Western Mediterranean Sea, the North and South Atlantic Oceans, the Indian, the Pacific, and the Arctic Oceans. The partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene of all isolates revealed that they mainly affiliate with the classes Alphaproteobacteria (35.9%) and Gammaproteobacteria (38.6%), as well as, phylum Bacteroidetes (16.5%). The genera Alteromonas and Erythrobacter were the most widespread heterotrophic bacteria in the ocean able to grow on solid agar media. When comparing the sequences of all isolates, 37% of them were 100% identical. In fact, we found that 59% of the total aphotic isolates were 100% identical to photic isolates, indicating the ubiquity of some bacterial isolates along the water column. Unweighted UniFrac distances did not show significant differences among stations regardless of their geographic distance or depth, reflecting the wide dispersion of the culturable bacterial assemblage. This isolates collection provides an overview of the distribution patterns of cosmopolitan marine culturable heterotrophic bacteria.