Laboratory Evolution Experiments Help Identify a Predominant Site of ΔrnhA-dnaA Constitutive Stable DNA Replication Initiation

Abstract

The bacterium E. coli can initiate replication in the absence of the replication initiator protein DnaA and / or the canonical origin of replication oriC in a{Delta} rnhA background. This phenomenon, which can be primed by R-loops, is called constitutive stable DNA replication (cSDR). Whether DNA replication during cSDR initiates in a stochastic manner through the length of the chromosome or at specific sites, and how E. coli can find adaptations to loss of fitness caused by cSDR remain inadequately answered. We use laboratory evolution experiments of{Delta} rnhA-{Delta}dnaA followed by deep sequencing to show that DNA replication preferentially initiates within a broad region located [~]0.4-0.7 Mb clockwise of oriC. This region includes many bisulfite-sensitive sites, which have been previously defined as R-loop forming regions; and includes a site containing sequence motifs that favour R-loop formation. Initiation from this region would result in head-on replication-transcription conflicts at rRNA loci. Inversions of these rRNA loci, which can partly resolve these conflicts, help the bacterium suppress the fitness defects of cSDR. These inversions partially restore the gene expression changes brought about by cSDR. The inversion however increases the possibility of conflicts at essential mRNA genes, which would utilise only a miniscule fraction of RNA polymerase molecules most of which transcribe rRNA genes. Whether subsequent adaptive strategies would attempt to resolve these conflicts remains an open question. ImportanceThe bacterium E. coli can replicate its DNA even in the absence of the molecules that are required for canonical replication initiation. This often requires the formation of RNA-DNA hybrid structures, and is referred to as constitutive stable DNA replication (cSDR). Where on the chromosome does cSDR initiate? We answer this question using laboratory evolution experiments and genomics, and show that selection favours cSDR initiation predominantly at a region [~]0.6 Mb clockwise of oriC. Initiation from this site will result in more head on collisions of DNA polymerase with RNA polymerase operating on rRNA loci. The bacterium adapts to this problem by inverting a region of the genome including several rRNA loci such that head-on collisions between the two polymerases are minimised. Understanding such evolutionary strategies in the context of cSDR can provide insights into the potential causes of resistance against antibiotics that target initiation of DNA replication.