HA stability regulates H1N1 influenza virus replication and pathogenicity in mice by modulating type I interferon responses in dendritic cells

Abstract

Hemagglutinin (HA) stability, or the pH at which the HA is activated to cause membrane fusion, has been associated with the replicative fitness, pathogenicity, transmissibility, and interspecies adaptation of influenza A viruses. Here, we investigated several mechanisms by which a destabilizing HA mutation, Y17H (activation pH 6.0), may attenuate virus replication and pathogenicity in DBA/2 mice, compared to wild-type (WT; activation pH 5.5). Extracellular lung pH was measured to be near neutral (pH 6.9-7.5). WT and Y17H viruses had similar environmental stability at pH 7.0; thus, extracellular inactivation was unlikely to attenuate Y17H virus. The Y17H virus had accelerated single-step replication kinetics in MDCK, A549, and Raw264.7 cells. The destabilizing mutation also increased early infectivity and type I interferon (IFN) responses in mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs). In contrast, the HA-Y17H mutation reduced multistep replication in murine airway mNEC and mTEC cultures and attenuated virus replication, virus spread, severity of infection, and cellular infiltration in the lungs of mice. Normalizing virus infection and weight loss in mice by inoculating them with Y17H virus at a dose 500-fold higher than that of WT virus revealed that the destabilized mutant virus triggered the upregulation of more host genes and increased type I IFN responses and cytokine expression in DBA/2 mouse lungs. Overall, HA destabilization decreased virulence in mice by boosting early infection in DCs, resulting in greater activation of antiviral responses, including type I IFN. These studies reveal HA stability may regulate pathogenicity by modulating IFN responses.\n\nImportanceDiverse influenza A viruses circulate in wild aquatic birds, occasionally infecting farm animals. Rarely, an avian- or swine-origin influenza virus adapts to humans and starts a pandemic. Seasonal and many universal influenza vaccines target the HA surface protein, which is a key component of pandemic influenza. Understanding HA properties needed for replication and pathogenicity in mammals may guide response efforts to control influenza. Some antiviral drugs and broadly reactive influenza vaccines that target the HA protein have suffered resistance due to destabilizing HA mutations that do not compromise replicative fitness in cell culture. Here, we show that despite not compromising fitness in standard cell cultures, a destabilizing H1N1 HA stalk mutation greatly diminishes viral replication and pathogenicity in vivo by modulating type I IFN responses. This encourages targeting the HA stalk with antiviral drugs and vaccines as well as reevaluating previous candidates that were susceptible to destabilizing resistance mutations.