Adaptation to life on land at 21% O2 via transition from ferredoxin- to NADH-dependent redox balance

Abstract

Pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFO) and iron only hydrogenase ([Fe]-HYD) are common enzymes among eukaryotic microbes that inhabit anaerobic niches. Their function is to maintain redox balance by donating electrons from food oxidation via ferredoxin (Fd) to protons, generating H2 as a waste product. Operating in series, they constitute a soluble electron transport chain of one-electron transfers between FeS clusters. They fulfill the same function -- redox balance -- served by two electron-transfers in the NADH- and O2-dependent respiratory chains of mitochondria. Although they possess O2-sensitive FeS clusters, PFO, Fd and [Fe]-HYD are also present among numerous algae that produce O2. The evolutionary persistence of these enzymes among eukaryotic aerobes is traditionally explained as enabling facultative anaerobic growth. Here we show that algae express enzymes of anaerobic energy metabolism at ambient O2 levels (21% v/v), Chlamydomonas reinhardtii expresses them with diurnal regulation. High O2 environments arose on Earth only some [~]450 million years ago. Gene presence absence and gene expression data indicate that during the transition to high O2 environments and terrestrialization, diverse algal lineages retained enzymes of Fd-dependent one-electron based redox balance, while the land plant and land animal lineages underwent irreversible specialization to redox balance involving the O2-insensitive two-electron carrier NADH.\n\nHighlights- Algae express enzymes of anaerobic metabolism in 21% [v/v] O2 atmosphere, independent of anaerobiosis\n- Retention of a plastid-encoded NADH dehydrogenase-like (NDH) was likely a prerequisite for the transition to life on land\n- Terrestrialization and adaption to high O2 is accompanied by a shift to redox balance at higher midpoint potentials\n- Eukaryotes adapted to high O2 life on land via specialization to two-electron based redox balance