Evolution at two-time frames shape structural variants and population structure of European plaice (Pleuronectes platessa)

Abstract

Changing environmental conditions can lead to population diversification through differential selection on standing genetic variation. Structural variant (SV) polymorphisms provide examples of ancient alleles that in time become associated with novel environmental gradients. The European plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) is a marine flatfish showing large allele frequency differences at two putative SVs associated with environmental variation. In this study, we explored the contribution of these SVs to population structure across the North East Atlantic. We compared genome wide population structure using sets of RAD sequencing SNPs with the spatial structure of the SVs. We found that in contrast to the rest of the genome, the SVs were only weakly associated with an isolation-by-distance pattern. Indeed, both SVs showed important allele frequency differences associated with two different environmental gradients, with the same allele increasing both along the salinity gradient of the Baltic Sea, and the latitudinal gradient along the Norwegian coast. Nevertheless, both SVs were found to be polymorphic across most sampling sites, even in the Icelandic population inferred to originate from a different glacial refuge than the remaining populations from the European continental shelf. Phylogenetic analyses suggested that the SV alleles are much older than the age of the Baltic Sea itself. These results suggest that the SVs are older than the age of the environmental gradients with which they currently co-vary. Interestingly, both SVs shared similar phylogenetic and genetic diversity, suggesting that they have a common origin. Altogether, our results suggest that the plaice SVs were shaped by evolutionary processes occurring at two time-frames, firstly following their common origin and secondly related to their current association with more recent environmental gradients such as those found in the North Sea - Baltic Sea transition zone.