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bioRxiv · 10.1101/591115

Molecular physiology of chemical defenses in a poison frog

Abstract

Poison frogs sequester small molecule lipophilic alkaloids from their diet of leaf litter arthropods for use as chemical defenses against predation. Although the dietary acquisition of chemical defenses in poison frogs is well-documented, the physiological mechanisms of alkaloid sequestration has not been investigated. Here, we used RNA sequencing and proteomics to determine how alkaloids impact mRNA or protein abundance in the Little Devil Frog (Oophaga sylvatica) and compared wild caught chemically defended frogs to laboratory frogs raised on an alkaloid-free diet. To understand how poison frogs move alkaloids from their diet to their skin granular glands, we focused on measuring gene expression in the intestines, skin, and liver. Across these tissues, we found many differentially expressed transcripts involved in small molecule transport and metabolism, as well as sodium channels and other ion pumps. We then used proteomic approaches to quantify plasma proteins, where we found several protein abundance differences between wild and laboratory frogs, including the amphibian neurotoxin binding protein saxiphilin. Finally, because many blood proteins are synthesized in the liver, we used thermal proteome profiling as an untargeted screen for soluble proteins that bind the alkaloid decahydroquinoline. Using this approach, we identified several candidate proteins that interact with this alkaloid, including saxiphilin. These transcript and protein abundance patterns suggest the presence of alkaloids influences frog physiology and that small molecule transport proteins may be involved in toxin bioaccumulation in dendrobatid poison frogs.\n\nResumenLas ranas venenosas obtienen moleculas lipofilicas a partir de su dieta de artropodos que luego usan como una defensa quimica contra depredadores. Mientras que la acumulacion de toxinas dieteticas ha sido bien documentada, el mecanismo fisiologico de obtencion de alcaloides no ha sido investigado. En este estudio usamos secuenciacion de RNA y proteomica para determinar como la presencia de alcaloides afecta la abundancia de mRNA y proteinas en ranas diablito (Oophaga sylvatica) silvestres con defensas quimicas en comparacion a ranas diablito criadas en laboratorio con una dieta sin alcaloides. Para entender como las ranas venenosas mueven los alcaloides de su dieta a las glandulas granulares en su piel, nos enfocamos en medir la expresion de genes en tres tejidos: intestinos, piel e higado. En estos tejidos, encontramos varios transcriptomas regulados diferencialmente que tienen actividades involucradas con el transporte y metabolismo de pequenas moleculas, ademas de canales de sodio y bombas de iones. Luego usamos metodos proteomicos para cuantificar proteinas en plasma, donde encontramos varias diferencias en abundancia de proteinas entre las ranas silvestres y de laboratorio, incluyendo la proteina anfibia de fijacion de toxinas, saxifilina. Finalmente, debido a que muchas proteinas encontradas en la sangre se sintetizan en el higado, usamos la tecnica de perfilacion proteomica termal para seleccionar imparcialmente las proteinas solubles que fijan el alcaloide decahydroquinolina. Usando este metodo, identificamos varias posibles proteinas que interactuan con este alcaloide, incluyendo saxifilina. Estos patrones de cambios en abundancia de transcriptomas y proteinas en ranas con y sin defensas quimicas sugieren que la presencia de alcaloides influye en la fisiologia de las ranas y que moleculas proteicas pequenas de transporte podrian estar involucradas en la bioacumulacion de toxinas en ranas venenosas dendrobatidos.\n\nSummary StatementChemically defended wild poison frogs have gene expression and protein abundance differences across several tissue systems compared to poison frogs reared on an alkaloid-free diet.

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BibTeXRIS

Caty, S. N., Alvarez-Buylla, A., Byrd, G. D., Vidoudez, C., Roland, A. B., Tapia, E. E., Bodnik, B., Trauger, S. A., Coloma, L. A., O'Connell, L. A.. 2019-03-27. Molecular physiology of chemical defenses in a poison frog. https://doi.org/10.1101/591115

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