Asymmetry in catalysis by Thermotoga maritima membrane-bound pyrophosphatase demonstrated by a non-phosphorous allosteric inhibitor

Abstract

Membrane-bound pyrophosphatases are homodimeric integral membrane proteins that hydrolyse pyrophosphate into orthophosphates, coupled to the active transport of protons or sodium ions across membranes. They are important in the life cycle of bacteria, archaea, plants, and protist parasites, but no homologous proteins exist in vertebrates, making them a promising drug target. Here, we report the first non-phosphorous allosteric inhibitor (Ki of 1.8 {+/-} 0.3 M) of the thermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima membrane-bound pyrophosphatase and its bound structure at 3.7 [A] resolution together with the substrate analogue imidodiphosphate. The unit cell contains two protein homodimers, each binding a single inhibitor dimer near the exit channel, creating a hydrophobic clamp that inhibits the movement of {beta}-strand 1-2 during pumping, and thus preventing the hydrophobic gate from opening. This asymmetry of inhibitor binding with respect to each homodimer provide the first clear demonstration of asymmetry in the catalytic cycle of membrane-bound pyrophosphatases.