Spatial variation in the biochemical and isotopic composition of corals during bleaching and recovery

Abstract

Ocean warming and the increased prevalence of coral bleaching events threaten coral reefs. However, the biology of corals during and following bleaching events under field conditions is poorly understood. We examined bleaching and post-bleaching recovery in Montipora capitata and Porites compressa corals that either bleached or did not bleach during a 2014 bleaching event at three reef locations in K[a]ne ohe Bay, O ahu. We measured changes in chlorophylls, biomass, and nutritional plasticity using stable isotopes ({delta}13C, {delta}15N). Coral traits showed significant variation among bleaching conditions, reef sites, time periods, and their interactions. Bleached colonies of both species had lower chlorophyll and total biomass. While M. capitata chlorophyll and biomass recovered three months later, P. compressa chlorophyll recovery was location-dependent and total biomass of previously bleached colonies remained low. Biomass energy reserves were not affected by bleaching, instead M. capitata proteins and P. compressa biomass energy declined over time, and P. compressa lipid biomass was site-specific. Stable isotope analyses of host and symbiont tissues did not indicate increased heterotrophic nutrition in bleached colonies of either species, during or after thermal stress. Instead, mass balance calculations revealed variance in {delta}13C values was best explained by augmented biomass composition, whereas {delta}15N values reflected spatial and temporal variability in nitrogen sources in addition to bleaching effects on symbiont nitrogen demand. These results emphasize total biomass quantity may change substantially during bleaching and recovery. Consequently, there is a need to consider the influence of biomass composition in the interpretation of isotopic values in corals.