Do priority effects outweigh environmental filtering in a guild of dominant freshwater macroinvertebrates?

Abstract

Abiotic conditions have long been considered essential in structuring freshwater macroinvertebrate communities. Ecological drift, dispersal, and biotic interactions also structure communities, and although these mechanisms are more difficult to detect, they may be of equal importance in natural communities. Here, we conducted repeated surveys of locally-dominant amphipod species across ten naturally replicated stream catchments. We then used a hierarchical joint species distribution model to assess the influence of different drivers on species co-occurrences. The species had unique environmental requirements, but a distinct spatial structure in their distributions was unrelated to habitat. Species co-occurred much less frequently than predicted by their niches, which was surprising because laboratory and field evidence suggests they are capable of coexisting in equal densities. We suggest that niche preemption may limit their distribution and that a blocking effect determines which species colonizes and dominates a given stream catchment, thus resolving a long-standing conundrum in freshwater ecology.